How is oxygen transported around the body?
By the red cells combined with haemoglobin
By the red cells combined with nitrogen and water vapours
By the red cells combined with carbon dioxide
By the red cells combined with nitrogen, hormones and plasma
List the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Ruddy complexion, headache, tightness across the forehead, impaired judgement
Difficulty in the breathing, ruddy complexion, headache, stomach cramps, nausea, feeling lethargic
Ruddy complexion, headache, stomach cramps, nausea, giddiness
Ruddy complexion, headache, stomach cramps, nausea, feeling lethargic
The effects of smoking particularly in relation to aviation are: .
An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude
An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude and a reduction in night vision
An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude up to maximum of 40000 ft
An early onset of hypoxia due to an apparent increase in altitude with a resulting risk of anemia
Will smokers experience hypoxia higher or lower cabin altitude that non- smokers?
At a lower cabin altitude
At a higher cabin altitude
At the same cabin altitude
Smoking, although harmful in other ways, lessens the effects of hypoxia
A pilot must wait to fly for at least 24 hours after blood donation
Hypotension is:
Low blood pressure
High pulse rate
High blood pressure
Low pulse rate
Treatment of carbon monoxide should include:
Stop all smoking
Turn up cabin heat
Keep the patient's body temperature as low as possible
Immediate descent to MSA
Low blood pressure can lead to:
Reduced tolerance to G forces
Low body temperature
Infarct
Angina
What are the constituents of atmosphere?
oxygen 21%, Nitrogen 77%, other gases 2%
oxygen 21%, Nitrogen 78%, other gases 1%
oxygen 22%, Nitrogen 77%, other gases 1%
oxygen 20%, Nitrogen 78%, other gases 2%
At what height is the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs approximately half that at sea level?
18.000 ft
25.000 ft
30.000 ft
10.000 ft
What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 35.000 ft?
21%
25%
32%
30%
What is one of the initial indications of hypoxia?
Impaired judgement
Stomach cramps
Pain in the joints
Blue tings in the lips
Why does cold make you more susceptible to hypoxia?
More oxygen is required when shivering therefore more oxygen used
Heart beats faster which uses up more oxygen
Lowers temperature of the body, which makes it less efficient
In flight someone complains of feeling light-headed, dizzy, tingling at the fingertips and is breathing rapidly. What may hey be suffering from?
Hyperventilation
Vertigo
Cyanosis
Hypoxic hypoxia or hyperventilation
The carbon dioxide level of the blood is higher than normal. Does the brain:
Increase the rate of breathing and pulse rate
Decrease the rate of breathing and pulse rate
Decrease the rate of breathing and increase the pulse rate
Increase the rate of breathing and decrease the pulse rate
If the symptoms of hyperventilation occur at an altitude where hypoxia is not a consideration what is the correct remedial action?
Decrease rate and depth of breathing
Descent to MSL
Increase rate of breathing
If possible, lay flat and help to calm sufferer
What increases the risk of DCS occurring in flight?
Scuba diving shortly before the flight
Snorkle diving shortly before the flight
Alcohol
Smoking
What are the restrictions to flying after scuba diving?
Non flying within 24 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 12 hours
Non flying within 48 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 24 hours
Non flying within 12 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been reached, otherwise the limit is 24 hours
Non flying within 48 hours if a depth of 40 ft has been exceeded, otherwise the limit is 12 hours
A pilot has executed snorkelling and has exceeded a depth the 30 ft. Are there any restrictions to him/her flying?
No
No flying for 12 hours plus 30 min for every 10 ft deeper than 30 feet
No flying within12 hours
No flying within 6 hours
The altitude that pressure will be half that of MSL in the standard atmosphere is:
18000 ft
8000 ft
34000 ft
33700 ft
Henry's law has application in Human Performance to:
DCS
tic Barotrauma
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Partial pressure in the alve
Hypoxic Hypoxia effects night vision?
True
Caused by decompression
False
Brought on by altitude
Anaemic Hypoxia can be:
Caused by smoking
Brought on by fatigue
In commercial aircraft cabin pressure is normally maintained at:
6000-8000 ft
Sea level
10000 ft
Below 5000 ft
In the event of decompression the aircraft must:
Descent to 10000 ft
Land as soon as possible
Descend to below 10000 ft
The "Chokes" are associated with:
Blockage of the alveoli
oxygen loss
The outer, middle and inner ear are filled with:
Air, air, liquid
Air, liquid, liquid
Liquid, air, air
Liquid, liquid, air
What is the purpose of Eustachian tube:
To allow ambient pressure to equalise on both sides of the ear drum
To pass sound waves across the middle ear to the auditory nerve
To allow ambient pressure to equalise on middle ear side of the ear drum
To allow ambient pressure to equalise on both sides of the Vestibular apparatus
What is the most important sense for spatial orientation?
Sight
Hearing and balance
Seat of the pants
All senses play their part in situation awareness
If an aircraft accelerates, what do the otoliths indicate to the brain?
That the aircraft is pitching up
That the aircraft is turning
That the aircraft is climbing and turning
That the aircraft nose is pitching down
When can a pilot experience the "leans"?
In all flight conditions
In the climb
In the descent
In the climb or the descent
What should a pilot rely on if disoriented in IMC?
Instruments
Turning head to recover from disorientation
Sense of balance
Vision
The frequency band that a healthy young person can hear is:
20-20000 cycles per second
80-20000 cycles per second
500-15000 cycles per second
70-15000 cycles per second
Presbycusis is an impairment of hearing due to:
Age
Damage to the semi-circular canals
Damage to the cohlea
The Vestibular apparatus detects:
Angular and linear acceleration
Angular acceleration
Linear acceleration
+ G
Vertigo can be caused by a blocked Eustachian tube:
Which part of eye has the best visual acuity?
The fovea
The retina
The lens
The cornea
Who 4 factors effect night vision?
Age, alcohol, altitude and smoking
Age, instrument lights, altitude and smoking
Instrument lights, alcohol, altitude and smoking
Age, alcohol, altitude and instrument lights
Cones detect And are mostly concentrated on Color fovea Black and white retina color entry point
What is the recommended course of action if encountering an electrical storm during flight:
Put on sunglasses if available
Turn he cockpit lights to full
Turn the cockpit lights down
Where is the "blind spot"?
At the entrance to the optic nerve
n the cornea
n the edge of the lens
n the iris
Peripheral vision is looked after by the:
Rods
Cones
Rods and cones
Fovea
Does lack of oxygen affect sight?
Yes
Sometimes
It depends on the health of the individual
Accommodation is controlled by the:
Ciliary muscles
Iris
Lens
Cornea
Stereopsis is associated with:
Depth perception
Night flying
Acuity
Colour blindness
Astigmatism is normally associated with:
Retina
Glaucoma is caused by:
An increase in the pressure of the eye
A decrease in the pressure of the eye
A defect of the cornea
A defect of the retina
Cataracts are associated with:
Tear ducts
Does colour blindness affect acuity?
A pilot is 2 metres tall and weighs 80 kgs, calculate his BMI index:
20
24
18
22
A pilot has BMI index of 26 and is 1,75 metres tall, what is his/her weight:
79,5 kgs
78,5 kgs
85 kgs
92 kgs
Using the BMI formula, when will pilots be considered overweight?
ver 25 for men and 24 for women
ver 26 for men and 22 for women
30 for men and 29 for women
ver 30 for men and 29 for women
Using the BMI formula, when will pilots be considered obese?
ver 26 for men and 29 for women
ver 30 for men and 28 for women
ver 32 for men and 26 for women
At what rate does the body remove alcohol from the system?
Approximately 1 unit an hour
Approximately 2 units an hour
Approximately 2,5 units an hour
Approximately 1,5 unit an hour
Which is the absolute minimum time a pilot should stop drinking before flying?
8 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed
24 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed
12 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed
6 hours but it depends upon the amount of alcohol that has been consumed
Which of the following diseases is one of the world's biggest killer?
Malaria
Typhoid
Yellow Fever
Influenza
How much exercise is sufficient to reduce the risk of coronary disease?
Raise the pulse by 100% at least 20 minutes 3 times a week
Regular and raise the pulse by 100% for at least 20 minutes 2 times a week
Raise the pulse by 100% at least 30 minutes 3 times a week
Regular and raise the pulse by 100% for at least 20 minutes 3 times a week
What causes otic barotrauma and when is it likely to occur?
Blockage in the Eustachian tube which is most likely to occur in the descent
Blockage in the Eustachian tube which is most likely to occur in the climb
Blockage in the Eustachian tube and around the eardrum which is most likely to occur in the descent
Blockage in the Eustachian tube and around the eardrum which is most likely to occur in the climb
The most common cause of in flight incapacitation is:
Gastroenteritis
Common cold
Heart attack
If a passenger of a helicopter is feeling unwell due to the rotation of the rotors causing a stroboscopic effect what is the best course of action?
Move the passenger away from the window
Give the passenger oxygen as soon as possible
Land as soon as possible and seek medical assistance
No action is necessary as the effect is not dangerous
If having tried all normal methods the ears cannot be cleared in flight the following action should be taken?
Seek medical advise as soon as possible
Descend to 10000 ft
Ignored and it will go away
Descend as quickly as possible to minimise pain
The best method for losing weight is:
Eat Less
Plenty of exercise
Crash diets
The use of appetite suppressants
Hypoglycemia can be caused by:
Not eating regularly or fasting
Too much sugar in the blood
Excessive G forces
Stress
Trace elements should be obtained from the:
Healthy and balanced daily diet
Use of supplementary pills
High fibre diet
High fibre and very low fat diet.
Having successfully overcome a stressful situation once, how will the person react if placed in the same or similar situation a second time?
He/she will feel more confident and therefore stress will reduce
He/she will know what is ahead and be already in a stressful condition thus stress will increase
There will e little difference
It will depend on the individual
How is performance effected by over and under arousal?
It is degraded
There is little difference
It is improved
What part of the body is effected with the vibration in the 4-10 Hz frequency range? .
The chest plus there will be an abdominal pain
The brain plus there will be a headache
The respiration plus there will be pains in the chest
The pulse rate
A comfortable temperature for most people in normal clothing is:
20o C
15o C
25o C
30o C
Among the 5 major guidelines to avoid stress in the cockpit and affecting safety are:
Never give up there is always a suitable response
Planned sleep patterns and keep it simple
Use all crew resources and keep a good flight deck atmosphere
Planned sleep patterns and use all crew resources
Most successful weapons against high stress levels are:
Learning, experience and CRM
Learning, experience and anticipation
Planning, experience and self-control
Planning, experience and CRM
nce the blood temperature rises above………, the Homeostatic mechanisms within the body can no longer cope:
41o C
35o C
50o C
40o C
A comfortable humidity for most people in normal clothing is:
40%-60%
30%-40%
20%-50%
40%-50%
How long will the iconic memory store information?
0,5-1 seconds
2-3 seconds
1-2 seconds
7 seconds ± 2 seconds maximum
How many separate items can be held in the short term memory?
7±2
9±2
8±2
6±2
What is the relationship between arousal and performance?
Performance is degraded by both high and low arousal levels
Performance is increased by both high and low arousal levels
Performance is increased at high levels of arousal
Performance is increased at low levels of arousal
If a runway slopes downwards how does this effect the pilots' approach?
It is likely to be too high
It is likely to be too low
It is likely to be too fast
It is likely to be too slow
If a runway slopes upwards how does this effect the pilots' approach?
What approach conditions cause black hole effect?
Landing at night when there are no lights on the approach
Landing at night with a partially lit runway
Landing at night with the cockpit instruments turned up too high
Landing at night in sleet or heavy rain
How does the black hole effect alter the pilots' judgement of the approach?
verestimation of height
Underestimation of height
Tends to make the approach much too fast
Tends to make the approach faster than normal
How do misty/foggy conditions effect the pilots' judgement on the approach?
verestimating range due to lights appearing dim
Underestimating range due to lights appearing dim
verestimating range due to illusionary effect through cockpit glass
Underestimating range due to illusionary effect through cockpit glass
Refraction due to rain on the windscreen makes the approach:
Flatter
Steeper
Faster
Slower
Expectation can affect perception?
A visual scan should cover the sky in overlapping sectors:
10o
5o
15o
20o
The scanning technique should differ by day and night:
Α distant aircraft is identified and remains on constant relative bearing. You should?
Take immediate avoiding action
Wait until the aircraft appears to grow larger before taking avoiding action
Wait 2 seconds to reidentify and then take avoiding action
If an illusion is known to be possible at a particular aerodrome as Captain of the aircraft you should:
Ensure you brief the crew
Say nothing as it might frighten the crew
Report the fact to your perator so that other crews are aware of the danger
How long is a free running circadian rhythm?
25 hours
48 hours
24 hours
29 hours
When is the circadian cycle of temperature at its lowest?
05:00
01:00
03:00
Varies from day to day
MAKARI NA XA FRAGKA NA ALAZA TON KOSMO
What does the duration of sleep depend on:
Timing (eg when the body temperature is falling)
The number of hours awake prior to sleep
The mental and physical exercise taken prior to sleep
The quality of the REM sleep
How many stages are there in sleep cycle?
4 plus REM
3 plus REM
3 included REM
4 included REM
How long is a sleep cycle?
90 minutes
120 minutes
60 minutes
30 minutes
To assist in the organisation of memory and helping to co-ordinate and assimilate new information learned
To refresh the body and brain following physical and mental activity
To refresh the body after exercise
To exercise the brain so it is prepared for the next day
How long does it take for the circadian rhythm to resynchronise to local time after crossing time zones?
Approximately 1 day per 1-1,5 hours of time change
Approximately 1 day per 1-2 hours of time change
Approximately 2 days per 1-1,5 hours of time change
Approximately 2 days per 1-2 hours of time change
Does it make any difference to the circadian rhythm adjusting to time zone changes if the flight is to the West or East?
Yes, due to the free running of the circadian rhythm tends to adjust more quickly to West bound flights
Yes, due to the free running of the circadian rhythm tends to adjust more quickly to East bound flights
No, it makes no difference. West or East has the same effect
Yes, due to the free running of the circadian rhythm tends to adjust more slowly to West bound flights
What effect does drinking alcohol before sleep have to the sleep pattern?
It shortens REM sleep and the length of sleep
It lengthens REM sleep and the length of sleep
A small amount (one beer or a small whisky) is of help to relax the body prior to sleep and thus enhances the sleep pattern
It has not significant effect on the sleep pattern itself but does effect other systems of the body adversely
When suffering from sleep deprivation, will performance be further decreased by altitude?
Under certain circumstances
Can you fly suffering from narcolepsy?
Under the strict supervision of an Aviation Medical Specialist
By day only
The Commander is ultimately responsible for all decisions made in the cockpit:
A decision is "good" when:
It can be implemented within the available time
Time is not an issue. The decision must be correct
Time can be an issue but the correct perception is the important factor
When other members of the crew agree
Preparation is essential for good decision-making when time is an issue:
Press-on-tis " is a:
Common dilemma faced by all pilots
Is only experienced by skilled pilots
nly happens to inexperienced pilots
Is rarely faced by good pilots
The co-pilot is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Commander's decision:
People tend to focus on salient cues:
Fatigue/overload:
Always affects decision-making
Rarely affects decision-making
Never affects decision-making
Sometimes affects decision-making
Man is extremely capable o accurate risk assessment:
Input from the crew is an important factor in the decision-making process
Lack of experience will have the following effect on the decision-making process:
Slow it down
Will speed it up
Have no effect
Disrupt the process
The decision-making process should include the crew:
oxygen is required by the human body to:
Derive energy from food by oxidation
Clear the blood of impurities produced in the body
Produce carbon dioxide to maintain the correct acidity of the blood
To assure the conversion of fats and proteins to carbohydrates required for tissue regeneration
oxygen is transported in the blood:
In chemical combination with haemoglobin in the white blood cells In chemical combination with haemoglobin in the red blood cells
In chemical combination with haemoglobin in the white blood cells
As microscopic bubbles linked to blood platelets
Dissolved in the blood plasma
The most dangerous characteristic of a false mental model is that:
It is extremely resistant to change
It will mainly occur under conditions of stress
It will mainly occur under conditions of low arousal
It will always be modified to meet the expectations of the individual
To facilitate and reduce the time taken to access information in long-term memory it is necessary to:
Mentally rehearse information before it is needed
Learns to store information in a logical order
Structure the information as much as possible before committing it to memory
Avoid pointlessly activating information which we know will soon be needed
Barotrauma of the cranial sinuses is most likely to occur:
During the descent
Among elderly passengers
on the climb
In persons with a history of cardio-vascular problems
During visual scanning the eye movements should be:
Small and frequent
Small and infrequent
Large and frequent
Large and infrequent
The cabin pressure in commercial pressurized aircraft is normally maintained at an equivalent atmospheric pressure:
2000-3000 ft
10000-12000 ft
Any individual who has been SCUBA diving should avoid flying:
Within 12 or 24 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded
Within 24 or 48 hours if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded
only after consultation with a doctor if a depth of 30 ft has been exceeded
Within 36 hours of the last dive
The working memory is limited in its capacity to store unrelated items. The number of such items that may be stored with full attention is:
7 ?2
7
5 ?2
4
If information in the working memory is not rehearsed it will be lost in:
10-20 minutes
8-12 seconds
5-10 minutes
1-2 minutes
The speed of any learning process can be increased by:
Reinforcing successful trials
Punishing the learner for unsuccessful trials
Gradually increasing the psychological pressure on the students
Reinforcing errors made during the learning process
Decision-making in emergency situations requires primarily:
The distribution of tasks and crew coordination
Speed of reaction
Strong situational awareness
The whole crew to focus on the immediate problem
The effect on an individual of smoking 20 cigarettes a day is to increase the experienced altitude by:
5000-6000 ft
A factor of about 20% of the ambient pressure
5000-8000 ft
The effect of an increasing altitude on the gastrointestinal tract may cause stretching of the small bowel if gas is present. This possibility may be reduced by:
Avoiding before flight the foodstuffs that causes the production of intestinal gases
Following a lifestyle which leads to regular bowel movement
Limiting the amounts of liquids taken during the flight to sufficient to relieve dryness of the mouth
Taking mild antacid tablets when the problem first arises
A pilot suffering from decompression sickness should:
Decrease the cabin pressure to relieve the symptoms
Continue the flight at a lower altitude and carry out exercises to relieve the pain in the affected site
Descent to a lower level where the symptoms will disappear and continue the flight this or a lower level
The temperature range of a flight deck to be comfortable should be:
15o C to 30 o C with a relative humidity 40-60%
10 o C to 25 o C with a relative humidity 20-30%
15 o C to 30 o C with a relative humidity 70-80%
30 o C to 40 o C with a relative humidity 30-40%
The factor which most increases the risk of coronary heart disease is:
Family history
Lack of exercise
obesity
Why is it essential to ensure that the combustion heaters are serviceable:
To prevent carbon monoxide poisoning
To prevent carbon dioxide poisoning and possible fire or explosion
To prevent carbon dioxide poisoning and possible fire
Internal respiration is:
The exchange of oxygen with carbon dioxide and water in the cells
The brain's control of the pulse rate
The retention of breath
Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide+water vapour take place:
the capillaries
the veins
the arteries
the pulmonary veins and arteries
Skill based errors only occur:
in those with experience
in those who are in the learning process
in those who have only part learned a procedure/system
in those with little or no experience
In evaluating data pilots are influenced by:
their previous experience
their technical knowledge
situation awareness
their state of health
Job satisfaction is measurable
Self discipline is an essential quality of the "ideal"pilot
The major factor in the general population which predisposes an individual to heart attack is:
family history
smoking
the amount of saturated fats in the diet
hypertension (high blood pressure)
The red blood cells are produced in the body by:
the bone marrow
the spleen
the liver and pancreas
the liver and spleen
With no visual references outside the cockpit the human eye will normally adjust to a focal length of:
less than 2 metres
infinity
about 5 metres
a few centimeters
The permanent denial of a flying license will be the result of a pilot suffering from:
schizophrenia and manic depression
anxiety and phobic states
obsessional disorders
depression
The most obvious sign of an individual suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning is:
cherry red lips and flushed cheeks
cyanosis of the lips and fingernails
sensory loss, particularly tunneling of vision
muscular impairment
is unlikely below 2000 feet
is likely to result in death if not corrected
may be caused by having too little carbon dioxide in the blood
can result from an inadequate partial pressure of oxygen
Following the donation of bone marrow a pilot may not operate an aircraft for
72 hours
12 hours
How is the rate and depth of breathing controlled?
By the amount of carbonic acid and water vapour/nitrogen mixture in the blood and lungs
By the amount of haemoglobin in the blood and lungs
By the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and lungs
By the amount of oxy-haemoglobin in the blood and lungs
Do pressoreceptors affect the:
Tightening and relaxation of the blood vessels and the pulse rate
Tightening and relaxation of the blood vessels only
EEG readings
ECG readings
Messages are sent in the nervous system by the following means:
Electrical and chemical
Chemical
Biological
Electrical
Which part of the ear senses linear accelerations and decelerations?
the otoliths in the semi circular canals
the otoliths in the middle ear
the ossicles in the middle ear
The conductive system consists of:
the ear drum and ossicles
the semi circular canals and otoliths
the cochlea and Eustachian tube
the cochlea and the mitus
A man is considered to be overweight if his Body Mass Index is over:
25
30
35
The ANS is a biological control system which is neurohormonal and, like other, is not self-regulating in normal circumstances.
What is the most effective way of analyzing personality?
written questionnaires
group therapy
personal interviews
two dimensional model analysis
We are driven by needs and needs
Physiological Social Physical Basic Social Basic Physiological Basic
Hypovigilance is akin to a microsleep
How would a person who is aggressive and changeable be described:
Anxious extravert
Unpredictable extravert
Unreliable extravert
Aggressive extravert
What are the personality traits of a good pilot?
Stable and extraverted
Reliable and stable
Reliable and extraverted
Reliable, calm and extraverted
CFIT means:
Controlled Flight into Terrain
Controlled Flight in Terminal airspace
Controlled Flight in Training
Controlled Flight in Taxiways (helicopters)
A man is considered to be obese if his ΒΜΙ (Body Mass Index) is over:
