Theory of Mind

There is an ability to attribute the same beliefs, desires, and intentions that you have to others. This can also be used to predict behaviour. What is this called?

Bakti (et al., 2000) found early signs of Theory of Mind when infants were focused on the open eyes of faces. Does this occur before or after they turn a year old?

It has been suggested that when babies see others cry, they cry as well. They can "catch" emotions. What is this called?

Do newborns understand empathy when they see others expressing emotion?

Infants use emotional signals to guide their actions or appraise events. For example, during "visual cliffs", infants look at their mothers to decide on what to do next. What is this called?

When is social referencing said to occur?

______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal for something to be picked up.

______-________ ________ is when a one-year-old infant will signal at an object or person, but have no desire for action.

One-year-olds understand and engage with the attention of others to share attention. What is this called?

At what age do infants understand early desire (Rapacholi & Gopnik, 1997), as well as the desire-happiness and desire-action links (Wellman & Wooley, 1990)?

Do newborns prefer open or closed eyes according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?

Do newborns find faces interesting, according to Bakti (et al., 2000)?

Which of the following evolves first in infant development at 18 months old?

Children acquire adult-like Theory of Mind understanding at what age?

According to Wellman (1990), do children begin to have belief-desire reasoning?

At 2 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.

At 4 years old, children understand that people act according to their ________.

Does Theory of Mind develop continuously from birth to adulthood?

According to Perner (1991), what type of understanding do children develop?

A 3 year old will commonly answer ________ to a false belief task.

A 4 or 5-year-old will typically answer ________ on a false belief task.

Is the false belief task an "acid test" of whether Theory of Mind has been understood?

A child understands Theory of Mind when:

If a child fails a false belief task, what type of deficit is it?

Which sex prefers to more eye contact and biological motion?

Who has the slight advantage at false belief tasks according to Charman, Ruffman, and Clements (2001)?

Avis and Harris (1991) examined the Baka tribe of Cameroon on the understanding of Theory of Mind. Callaghan (et al., 2005) replicated and extended the findings. What was found?

Wellman, Cross, and Watson (2001) were able to confirm that full understanding occurs at what age?

Social understanding of Theory of Mind is:

Social understanding of Theory of Mind, narrowly, is:

In false belief understanding (or social understanding) do children differentiate between beliefs and desires? Would they understand that someone will act on their beliefs even when their desires are against it?

Is false belief understanding (or social understanding) synonymous with perspective-taking (Perner, et al., 2002)?

Do children need connectedness of communication (Slomkowski & Dunn, 1996) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?

Do children need the understanding of role play, as well as joint proposals in pretend play (Astington & Jenkins, 1995) in perspective-taking to pass false belief tasks?

Do children need peer-teaching skills (Strauss, Ziv & Stein, 2002) in perspective-taking in order to pass false belief tasks?

Which way are social skills generally measured in children, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?

Are there general ratings with social competence, or are they more specific according to Nixon, Wilson, and Capage (1999)?

Is there an issue with language and social competence in that there is no language control, according to Lalonde and Chandler (1995)?

Is there an issue with language and social control in terms of total utterances according to Watson (et al., 1999)?

Is there an issue with language and social competence in terms of attributing language with causality, according to Pears and Carlson (2003)?

Is there an issue with social competence against causality, in that there is a division between certain socially competent children and the socially skilled (Bosacki & Astington)?

Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to psychopathy, according to Blair (2003, 2008)?

Can issues with Theory of Mind lead to bullying, according to Sutton, Smith, and Swettenham (1999)?

Dunn and Cutting (2001) highlighted that children ________ become sensitive to criticism.

According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding with very warm mothers leads to high or low self-esteem?

According to Cahill (et al., 2007), higher Theory of Mind levels of understanding but with more cold and hostile mothers leads to higher or lower self-esteem?

The Vygotskian view suggests that, for a more advanced understanding of Theory of Mind, children need to learn and practice mental state understanding or perspective taking (Harris, et al., 2005). What is this called?

Does Theory of Mind understanding positively correlate with the number of siblings a 3 or 4-year-old has according to Perner (et al., 1994)?

According to Astington & Jenkins (1995), does the number of siblings positively correlate with false belief task success particularly with weaker language competency?

Lewis (et al., 1996) analysed families in Cyprus. They found that the ______ family members a child had, the greater their chances of passing false belief tasks. This was especially true with siblings.

According to Ruffman (et al., 1998), does social interaction with siblings facilitate social cognition (eg, Theory of Mind)?

Youngblade and Dunn (1995) found that:

Brown and Dunn (1991, 1992) found that most mental state talk occurs with the mother or older sibling(s)?

The Ruffman, Slade and Crowe (2002) study was cross-sectional (eg, at one time-point). It gives correlations between the mother and child, but does it give causation?

Does mental state talk cause false belief understanding (comes before), or does a mother's use of mental state talk help to facilitate understanding once they have already achieved it (comes after)?