EMPIRICAL METHODS

EVERY SCIENCE FIELD CONSISTS OF...

EMPIRICAL is...

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

INTERSUBJECTIVE TRACEABILITY

QUANTITATIVE VS. QUALITATIVE

OBJECTIVES OF EMPIRICAL RESEARCH

EMPIRICAL METHODS FOR COMMUNICATION SCIENCES

MEASURING IS...

SCALES OF MEASUREMENT

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

AN INDEX IS...

SCALE LEVEL VS. SCALE

TYPES OF SCALES

3 QUALITY CRITERIA FOR MEASUREMENT

TYPES OF RELIABILITY (3)

SAMPLING IS...

TWO WAYS OF SAMPLING

ARBITRARY SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING VS PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING
SIMPLE AND SYSTEMATIC

RANDOM SAMPLING
STRATIFIED

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
CLUSTER

RANDOM SAMPLING
MULTI-STAGE

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
QUOTA

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
TYPICAL

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
EXTREME

PURPOSEFUL SAMPLING
CONCENTRATION PRINCIPLE

QUESTION TYPES

CLASSIFICATION OF CLOSED-ENDED QUESTIONS

RESPONSE BIAS
HALO EFFECTS

RESPONSE BIAS
TYPES (5)

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSTRUCTING ITEMS AND AVOIDING BIAS

TYPES OF SURVEY QUESTION

TYPES OF FUNCTION QUESTIONS

STANDARDIZATION OF SURVEYS

SURVEY MODES

PROCESS OF A SURVEY (7 STEPS)

CONTENT ANALYSIS IS...

QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS IS...

CONTENT ANALYSIS AND SOCIAL REALITY (3 ASPECTS)

A CATEGORY SYSTEM...

A CATEGORY IS...

REQUIREMENTS FOR CATEGORIES

PROCESS FLOW MODEL OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

MAYRING
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE METHOD

MAYRING'S ANALYSIS
STEPS (3)

CORRELATE TEXT MATERIAL WITH CATEGORIES
3 STEPS

PROBLEMS OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE
CONTENT ANALYSIS