Which of the following describes the sum of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells?
Digestion
Metabolism
Absorption
Catabolism
What primary factor governs the quality of a food protein?
Fat content
Essential amino acid content
Complex carbohydrate content
Nonessential amino acid content
Lipids differ in their degree of saturation or unsaturation due to their number of
amino acids.
double bonds.
saccharide units.
peptide linkages.
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body?
Fiber
Starch
Glucose
Glycogen
After swallowing, in what order does food pass through the regions of the GI tract?
Jejunum, duodenum, colon, ileum, rectum
Jejunum, ileum, duodenum, rectum, colon
Stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon
Stomach, jejunum, duodenum, colon, ileum
Which of the following cannot add fat to the body?
Alcohol
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Inorganic nutrients
Which of the following is an example of a catabolic reaction?
Glucose formation from glycerol
Pyruvate formation from glucose
Albumin formation from amino acids
Palmitic acid formation from acetate
In comparison to the composition of carbohydrates and fats, which element found in proteins makes them unique?
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Any of the following can be used by the body for the synthesis of a nonessential amino acid EXCEPT
a fragment of fat.
an essential mineral.
an essential amino acid.
a fragment of carbohydrate.
The application of heat or acid to a protein that causes its shape to change is known as
stiffening
condensation
denaturation
destabilization
Which of the following is a feature of fat metabolism?
Cholesterol is stored primarily on the surface of veins
High-density lipoproteins represent the major transport vehicle for delivering fat to the adipose cells
Fat storage is highly efficient due to the rapid uptake of the intact triglyceride molecule by adipose cells
Triglycerides in the blood must first be broken down to monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol prior to uptake by the adipose cells
The process by which food is broken down into absorbable components is called
digestion
absorption
excretion
mastication
A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with 3 fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol would be known as a
diglyceride
triglyceride
phospholipid
monoglyceride
An important function of fat in the body is to
build muscle tissue.
regulate blood glucose levels.
protect vital organs against shock.
provide precursors for glucose synthesis.
Which of the following is a characteristic of cholesterol?
It is absorbed directly into the blood
It is a precursor for bile and vitamin D synthesis
It is not formed in the body when provided by the diet
It is found in abundance in tropical fats such as palm oil
Which of the following terms is NOT used to classify amino acids in the diet?
Essential
Nonessential
Partially essential
Conditionally essential
When two amino acids are chemically joined together, the resulting structure is called a
dipeptide.
polypeptide.
disaccharide.
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day is most likely making a food choice based on
habit
availability
body image
environmental concerns
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of absorption of nutrients by intestinal cells?
Diffusion
Transmigration
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
What is a bolus?
Enzyme that hydrolyzes starch
Portion of food swallowed at one time
Device used to analyze the contents of the stomach
Sphincter muscle separating the stomach from the small intestine
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes?
Many people with type 2 diabetes are obese
Most people who have diabetes require insulin therapy
Diabetes results chiefly from excess dietary intake of simple carbohydrates
People with type 1 diabetes fail to respond to the insulin made by the pancreas
Among the following, which would be the least effective method to control blood cholesterol levels?
Control body weight
Eat more insoluble fiber
Consume less saturated fat
Engage in physical activity
What is the name given to partially digested food in the stomach?
Chyme
Liquid food
Gastric mucus
Semiliquid mass
What type of fatty acid is found in high amounts in olive oil?
Saturated
Monounsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Partially hydrogenated
The purpose of bicarbonate in the digestive process is to
raise the pH of chyme.
lower the pH of chyme.
hydrolyze large peptides.
provide a little fizz in your life.
When amino acids are deaminated, the immediate products are ammonia and often a
uric acid.
keto acid.
folic acid.
gluco acid.
A low risk of cardiovascular disease correlates with high blood levels of
triglycerides.
free fatty acids.
high-density lipoproteins.
very-low-density lipoproteins.
When nitrogen taken into the body exceeds nitrogen losses, we say the person is in
a healthy state.
nitrogen equilibrium.
positive nitrogen balance.
negative nitrogen balance.
Which part of the GI tract contains highly acidic digestive juices?
Colon
Ileum
Stomach
Duodenum
A nutrient needed by the body and that must be supplied by foods is termed a(n)
neutraceutical
metabolic unit.
organic nutrient.
essential nutrient.
Bile is known to assist in the absorption of
fat only.
all nutrients.
carbohydrate and fat only.
carbohydrate, fat, and protein only.
Which of the following is NOT among the consequences of making poor food choices?
Over the long term, they will reduce lifespan in some people
They can promote heart disease and cancer over the long term
Over the long term, they will not affect lifespan in some people
When made over just a single day, they exert great harm to your health
Which of the following is an example of the difference between the chemical bonds in starch and those in cellulose?
Starch bonds are single
Starch bonds are fatty acids
Cellulose bonds release energy
Cellulose bonds are not hydrolyzed by human enzymes
Which of the following is a consequence of excess protein intake?
Decreased excretion of calcium
Decreased size of the liver and kidneys
Increased production and excretion of urea
Increased protein storage by the liver and kidneys
Which of the following lipids is an essential nutrient?
Lecithin
Cholesterol
Stearic acid
Linoleic acid
Which of the following is known as blood sugar or dextrose?
Maltose
Sucrose
Fructose
If the diet is lacking an essential amino acid, what will be the course of action?
Body cells will synthesize it
Protein synthesis will be limited
Health will not be affected as long as other nutrients are adequate
Proteins will be made but they will lack that particular amino acid
Which of the following foods contains cholesterol?
Corn
Olives
Roasted turkey
Roasted peanuts
After digestion of proteins, what products are absorbed into the circulation?
Free amino acids only
Free amino acids and oligopeptides
Free amino acids and dipeptides only
Free amino acids, and a few dipeptides and tripeptides
What term is specific to reactions in which simple compounds are combined into more complex molecules?
Anabolic
Catabolic
Ergogenic
Gluconeogenic
In which of the following are ample amounts of carbohydrates almost always found?
Plant foods
Health foods
Animal products
Protein-rich foods
What type of nutrient is starch?
Gluten
Simple carbohydrate
Complex carbohydrate
The hepatic portal vein empties into the
liver
heart
pancreas
hepatic vein.
Nutrients are chemicals obtained from food and used by the body to provide energy.
Which of the following describes the anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract?
A vat-like vessel
A rigid, solid tunnel
A flexible muscular tube
A firm, duct-like channel
