Which of these removes excess fluid and protein molecules from the lungs?
Lymphatic system
Clara Cells
Macrophages
Squamous Pneumocytes
What range should cuff pressure not exceed?
20-25 mm Hg
25 mm Hg - 30 mm Hg
10 mm Hg - 15 mm Hg
15 mm Hg - 20 mm Hg
What is another name for Type I cells?
Squamous Pneumocyte
Granular Pneumocyte
Alveolar Macrophage
What is the perfusion pressure in the capillaries?
20 mm Hg - 25 mm Hg
What is another name for Type II cells?
What is another name for Type III cells?
Clara Cell
What is a tidal volume?
The amount of air still in the lungs after a forced ERV
The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
What is the normal tidal volume range, for males and females?
600-800 mL
200 - 1200 mL
400 - 500 mL
350 - 450 mL
Which of these are sympathetic effects on the body?
Increased Heart Rate
Pupil constriction
Decreased GI/GU motility
Decreased secretions
Mydriasis
What is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) ?
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal Vt
Amount of air still in the lungs after a forced ERV
Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the Vt
The maximum amount of air that the lungs can accommodate
Which of these are not parasympathetic effects on the body?
Bronchial Smooth Muscle Constriction
Decreased heart rate
What is the expiratory residual volume (ERV) ?
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration
The maximum amount of air that the lungs can accomodate
The Left Main Stem is 25* from the bifurcation of the carina
What is the residual volume (RV) ?
Amount of air forcibly inhaled beyond the Vt
Exhaling slowly and completely
The amount of air still in the lungs after a forced ERV ( cannot ever be exhaled )
Which of these are symptoms for acute epiglottitis?
Wheezing
Swollen tracheal tissue
Fever
Stridor
What is the vital capacity (VC) ?
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation
Exhaling fast and completely
1000 mL is the normal range of Vital Capacity for both males and females
The normal range of residual volume for males is 5L and 3L for females
What is the inspiratory capacity (IC) ?
The maximum amount of air the lungs can accomodate
The volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation
What is the functional residual capacity (FRC) ?
The amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond the Vt
What is the total lung capacity (TLC) ?
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath during quiet breathing
The normal range of total lung capacity (TLC) for males is 6000 mL and 4000 mL for females
Misplaced Endotracheal Tubes (ETT) can be found the esophagus.
How far from the carina should the endotracheal tube be placed?
Right on the carina
1-3 centimeters
3-5 centimeters
5-8 centimeters
In order the Trachea Alveolus( Trachea, Alveolus ), Lobar Bronchi Mainstem Bronchus( Lobar Bronchi, Mainstem Bronchus ), Bronchioles Lobar Bronchi( Bronchioles, Lobar Bronchi ), Segmental Bronchi Subsegmental Bronchi( Segmental Bronchi, Subsegmental Bronchi ), and Subsegmental Bronchi Terminal Bronchioles( Subsegmental Bronchi, Terminal Bronchioles ) are all part of the cartilaginous airway.
Which of these structures are a site of gas exchange?
Subsegmental Bronchi
Bronchiole
Bronchus
Alveolar sac
non-cartilaginous airways and beyond are most vulnerable to damage
Bronchioles and terminal bronchioles are non-cartilaginous
What is the main function of non-ciliated squamous epithelium?
Protect from abrasion
Warm/humidify air
Perform gas exchange
What is the main function of Simple Squamous Epithelium and where are they found?
permits gas exchange and are found in alveoli/capillaries
moves the mucous blanket and are found in the nasal cavity
protect from abrasion and are found in the oropharynx
permits gas exchange and are found in the main bronchus
What kind of graph is this?
All of the following are signs of an obstructive pulmonary disease except for... (Check all correct answers)
Bronchial secretions
Decreased lung volumes and capacities
Mucus Plugging
Distal Airway Weakening
FEF 25%-75% (Forced Expiratory Flow 25%-75%) is the best diagnostic measurement for obstructive pulmonary disorders.
All of the following are reasons pulmonary function testing is done except for... (Check the correct answers)
Determine if lung disease is obstructive or restrictive
Evaluate severity of the disease
Measuring patients ability to perform
Monitor progression of disease
CBABE stands for , , , , and .
The closed-circuit helium dilution test is a test which starts with a set amount of helium, the patient re-breathes this amount via a closed system. Ultimately, this test measures FRC and RV.
What does the open-nitrogen washout testing do?
Measures FVR and RV; Patient rebreathing set amount of helium
Patient breathes certain amount of nitrogen through one-way valve; Measures the FRC
Measures inspiratory muscle strength
Measures patients nitrogen levels
What percentage is the "green zone"?
75% - 95%
65% and higher
80% and higher
90% and higher
What percentage is the "yellow zone"?
75% - 85%
50% and higher
35% - 55%
50% - 80%
What percentage is the "red zone"?
45% and higher
50% or less
25% - 50%
0% - 35%
The body plethsmography test is considered the most accurate of the 3 residual volumes and capacities tests.
Choose all of the following that are part of the Forced Expiratory Flow 200-1200 measurement.
Flow rate occurring in 200mL to 1200mL of the FVC
Indicates integrity of large airways
Used often for asthmatics
Measures high volume flows
The Forced Expiratory Flow 25%-75% measurement reflects the conditions of the medium to large airways.
A Rapid Shallow Breathing Index of or less is a good indicator that the patient will successfully wean from the vent.
Check all the answers which coincide with the Peak Expiratory Flow Rate test (PEFR)
Diagnose COPD
Patient dependent
Trending/Normal numbers are highly important
A normal adult exhales 70% or more of their FVC in 1 second.
What is the formula to find the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RBSI) ?
Note - "/" symbol means divide
FRV/Vt
ERV/IRV
HR/VC
RR/Vt
Carbon monoxide (CO) has an affinity for hemoglobin which is 210 times stronger than its affinity for oxygen.
What does the diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLco) measure?
Expiratory muscle strength
Amount of carbon monoxide that is moving across the AC membrane
How deeply you can breathe in, followed by how deeply you can breathe out
Type of pulmonary therapy needed
A ventilated patient is ready to breathe on their own when their Max Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) is greater than and their Max Expiratory Pressure (MEP) is higher than .
The seen on flow-volume loop graphs is indicative of obstructive pulmonary disorders.
COPD patients can perform a forced vital capacity (FVC)
Which one of the following is important for keeping the alveoli open and for overall gas exchange?
Tidal Volume - Vt
Expiratory Residual Volume - ERV
Residual Volume - RV
Total Lung Capacity - TLC
The residual volume in the lungs can be exhaled.
The main purposes of vital capacity measurements is to determine the and the .
The residual volume steals from the .
The tidal volume steals from the
The FRC steals from the .
A normal/healthy total expiratory time (TET) is 3-5 seconds.
Both obstructive and restrictive lung disorders disrupt the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
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