Animal Communication

Signal

Cue

Cues v. Signals

Manipulation and Deceit

True communication benefits whom?

Cues, or Eavesdropping benefits whom?

Manipulation or Deceit benefits whom?

Ignoring and Spite benefits whom?

Sound

Sound in Cicada's

Sound production

Types of Waves

Temporal Properties of Waves

Spatial Properties of Waves

Key Relationships

How does the medium affect wavelength?

Doppler Shift

Acoustic impedance

Sound Attenuation

Sources of Sound Attenuation

Tasks for Sound Production (3)

4 General Ways to Produce Vibrations

Percussion (Body part against a Solid)

Stridulation (Body Part Against a Solid)

Buckling (Body Part Against A Solid)

Tremulation (Body part against a solis)

Pulsation (movement of a body part in a fluid)

Fanning (movement of a body part in a fluid)

Streaming (move a body part in a fluid)

Basic Mechanisms of sound in vertebrates

Modifications of Vibrations (2)

Positive Interference (resonators)

Negative interference (resonators)

Resonators

Trumpet Flares

Air Sacs

Oil Sacs in Aquatic Animals

Visualizing Sounds

Why is Propagation Important

Sound Degradation (4)

Overall Attenuation (2)

Refraction Process (high low)

Refraction (open air, warm day)

Refraction (forest air warm day)

Refraction (shallow water warm day)

Refraction (moderate depth, cold day)

Refraction (deep ocean)

Distortion of Frequency Composition (3)

Heat losses

Scattering

Boundary Reflections (Two types of waves)

The Notch

Reverberations

Temporal Pattern Distortion (3)

Dispersion

Noise

Basic Hearing Process (3)

Near Field v. Far Field

The Ideal Ear (7)

Types of Ears (3)

Binaural Comparison (4)