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littlegoulding
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more than 1 year ago
Edexcel Geography B 2014 UNIT 1 INCLUDES: - restless earth - changing climate - battle for the biosphere - water world
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littlegoulding
quase 11 anos atrás
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about 10 years ago
this is very helpful, do you have one that is more based on "battle for the biosphere"?
this is very helpful, do you have one that is more based on "battle for the biosphere"?
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690880
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2017-05-21T13:01:45Z
Physical
Geography
Restless
Earth
How do convection
currents cause plate
movement
1. The core heats the
molton rock in the
mantle which creates a
convection current.
2. The heated rock
rises to the surface.
3. At the surface convection
currents move the tectonic
plates in the crust.
4.Molton rock cools and flows
back to the core.
3 main plate
boundaries
Destructive
constructive
conservative
when 2 plates colilde one flows under the other (subduction)
e.g. Nazca Plate and South American
Plate
Earthquakes and volcanoes
occour
Rising convection currents pull
apart
e.g. Eurasion and North American
Plate
forming volcanic ridges e.g. Mid-Atlantic
RIdge
Two plates slide past one
another
e.g San Andreas Fault
California
Earthquakes
Volcanic and earthquake
hazards
Earthquake in Kashimer 2005
75 000 dead
2.8 million
homeless
75 000 injured
property damage $440
million
Earthquake in California,
1989
up too 12 000
homeless
3757 injured
property damage $10
million
63 dead
volcanoes
shield volcanoes
composite volcanoes
found on constructive plate boundaries
formed by long thin,runny lava which flows
a long way before it solidifies
gentle sloping sides and a wide base
contains baslaltic magma which is very hot with low
silica and gas content
Erupts frequently but not violently
found on destructive plate boundraies
formed by eruptions of viscous sticky lava and ash that don't
flow far
have steep slopping sides and narrow
base
made up layers of thick lava and
ash
contains andesitic magma which is less
hot but contains lots of silica and gas
erupts frequently but not violently includes pyroclastic
flow
Managing earthquake and
volcanic hazards
they are very difficult to predict
what can help predict earthquakes
lots needed after an earthquake e.g. volunteers, clean water
Case Study: Mount Pinatubo
Volcano 1991
Social Effects
Economic Effects
Enviromental
Effects
58 000 people were evacuate from a
30km radius of the volcano
874 deaths in total
300 killed from collapsing roofs
100 killed by layhars
1.2 million lost their
homes
people round
the volcano had
to migrate to
shanty towns in
manila
houses & bridges
destroyed and
needed replacing
Manila airport had to be
closed
1991 harvest destroyed
and 650 000 people lost
their jobs
farmland destroyed by falling
ash & pumice unusable for
years
Heavy rainfalll from
Typhoon Yunga causes
buildings to collapse
Fast flowing volcanic mudflow
(Lahars) cause servere river bank
erosion undercut bridges etc.
Volcanic ash blown in all directions
over hundreds of kms, smothering
fields and buildings
Global cooling caused by ash in
the atmosphere of 0.5c
Where?
Island of Luzon in the
Phillipines
SE Asia at the
destructive plate
boundry between
the Eurasion &
Philippine Plates
Why?
Result of Oceanic Philipine plate being
subducted under the lighter continental
Eurasion plate
What?
Composite Volcano exploded in
June 1991 creating Lahars &
massive ash & gas cloud
Managing the hazard
Prevention
75 000 people evacuated up to a 30km radius
US Air Force helicopters helped evacuation
Alert Systems put in place to warn of eruption
Government Shelters
Strategies for long term aid and disease control during evacutions
Prediction
Prepatation
75 000 people were evacuated due to accurate predictions
Set up a permanent monitoring points or use satellite images to look at volcano site for changes in land surfaces
The US Geological Service helped to predict the disaster
No monitoring till April when seisometers were put into place
Evacuation camps built for refugees
Warning sign like gas and steam looked for
Long & short term aid organised especially from the Red Cross and the US
Storage of medical
supplies of food and
water in preparation
for disaster
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690880
mind_map
2017-05-21T13:01:45Z
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