The most abundant extracellular cation is
Na+
Cl
K+
Mg++
Electrolyte reactivity is measured is
mg/100 L
milliequivalents
mEq/L
both milliequivalents and mEq/L
Which of the following mechanisms varies fluid output so that it equals input?
antidiuretic device
aldosterone mechanism
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
both aldosterone mechanism and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
Which of the following statement is true?
Total body water as a percentage of total body weight does not differ due to age
Total body water as a percentage of total body weight is approximately 30% in a healthy non-obese female
Males that are healthy and non-obese will have 60% of their body weight as water
Adipose tissue contains less water than bone tissue
Obese people have a higher water content per kilogram of body weight than slender people
Fluid intake usually equals fluid output
Electrolytes are substances that bind in water
Thirst is associated with any condition that decreases total volume of body water
Hypervolemia refers to excess blood volume
The two factors that determine urine volume are
the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone secretion
the amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and ADH secretion
fluid intake and ADH secretion
the glomerular filtration rate and the rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules
Which of the following is an example of obligatory fluid output?
water vapor in expired air
water diffusion through the skin
both water vapor in expired air and water diffusion through the skin
none of the above
Blood hydrostatic pressure
tends to force fluid out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid
tends to force fluid out of interstitial fluid and into capillaries
allows for an equilibrium across the capillary membrane
If a person takes nothing by mouth for several days, fluid output decreases to zero to compensate and maintain homeostasis
Which of the following is not a correct statement regarding severe dehydration?
Loss of skin turgor is a symptom of severe dehydration
the relative loss of water in sweat is greater than the loss of electrolytes
Sweating serves the body by increasing body heat
Treatment of dehydration requires appropriate electrolyte replacement therapy
The formula representing Starling's law of the capillaries is
(BHP + BCOP) - (IFCOP + IFHP) = EFP
(BHP + IFHP) - (IFCOP + BCOP) = EFP
(BHP + IFCOP) - (IFHP + BCOP) = EFP
Which large molecules are retained by the selectively permeable cell membrane?
sodium ions
potassium ions
proteins
water
Edema can be defined as the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular spaces of the body
The most significant player regulating ICF composition is the plasma membrane
Osmotic pressure is influenced by large protein molecules in the intracellular fluid
The release ADH causes an increase in the reabsorption of sodium and water by the renal tubules.
Over 8 liters of various internal secretions are produced daily.
Potassium deficit is termed hypokalemia
ECF depletion is said to be the last line of defense against dehydration.
By volume, intestinal secretions are the largest sodium-containing internal secretions.
Skin turgor is an important indicator of fluid volume stability.
The largest volume of water by far lies inside outside( inside, outside ) cells.
Infants have more less( more, less ) water in comparison to body weight than adults of either sex.
In general as age increases, the amount of water per pound of body weight decreases increases( decreases, increases ).
Signals generated by osmoreceptors in the subfornical organ and hypothalamus stimulate the secretion of
aldosterone
insulin
ADH
ANH
Which of the following is true when ECF volume decreases?
Aldosterone secretion increases
Kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium increases
Urine volume decreases
All of the above are true
Interstitial fluid contains hardly any protein anions
No net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid as long as effective filtration pressure (EFP) equals 0
Any change in the solute concentration of ECF will have a direct effect on water movement across the cell
