Edexcel, AS Biology, Risk Factors of CVD Quiz

Contact between blood and the walls of blood vessels causes friction gravity drag( friction, gravity, drag ) and this impedes flow of blood. This is called peripheral resistance penniless ronald( peripheral resistance, penniless ronald ). The arterioles and capillaries offer a greater total surface area than the arteries venules( arteries, venules ), resisting flow more, slowing the blood down and causing blood pressure to fall rise( fall, rise ). Fluctuations in pressure in the arteries are caused by contraction and relaxation in the heart. During diastole systole( diastole, systole ), elastic recoil of the blood vessels maintains the pressure and keeps the blood flowing. If the smooth muscles in the walls of an artery contract relax( contract, relax ), the vessels constrict making the lumen narrower and increasing resistance. This leads to blood pressure raising. If the smooth muscles relax contract( relax, contract ), the lumen is dilated, so peripheral resistance is reduced and blood pressure falls.

Oedema orange Oliver Twist alopecia( Oedema, orange, Oliver Twist, alopecia ): At the arterial venular( arterial, venular ) end of a capillary, blood is under pressure. This forces fluid red blood cells( fluid, red blood cells ) and small molecules out through tiny gaps between the cells of the capillary wall into the intercellular space, forming tissue fluid (interstitial fluid krazy fluid wacky fluid( interstitial fluid, krazy fluid, wacky fluid )). Blood cells and larger plasma proteins lipids( proteins, lipids ) can't pass through gaps in the capillary wall. The tissue fluid drains into a network of lymph ladylike little( lymph, ladylike, little ) capillaries which returns the fluid to the blood via a lymph ladylike little( lymph, ladylike, little ) vessel which empties into the vena cava pulmonary vein( vena cava, pulmonary vein ). If blood pressure raises above normal, more fluid may be forced out of the capillaries. In such circumstances, fluid accumulates within the tissues, causing swelling.

Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDLs): Triglycerides unsaturated fats starches( Triglycerides, unsaturated fats, starches ) from fats in our diet combine with cholesterol and protein lipids carbohydrates( protein, lipids, carbohydrates ) to form LDLs. LDLs transport the cholesterol to body cells gametes( body cells, gametes ). LDLs circulate in the bloodstream and bind to receptor sites reuptake channels( receptor sites, reuptake channels ) on cell membranes walls( membranes, walls ) before being taken up by cells (where cholesterol is involved in the synthesis and maintenance of cell membranes walls( membranes, walls )).

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDLs): They have a high percentage of protein cholesterol( protein, cholesterol ) and less cholesterol protein( cholesterol, protein ) compared to LDLs. This gives them a higher density volume( density, volume ). They're made when triglycerides from fats combine with cholesterol and and protein. HDLs transport cholesterol from the body tissues to the liver kidneys pancreas( liver, kidneys, pancreas ) where it is broken down. This lowers raises( lowers, raises ) blood cholesterol levels and helps remove the fatty plaques of atherosclerosis.

BMR is highest in young infants the elderly( young infants, the elderly ) in order to maintain their body temperature. BMR declines with age with the decline occurring more rapidly after adolescence because adolescents are still actively growing happy( growing, happy ). Males have more muscle than females therefore they burn more calories even when at rest. Larger people have more metabolising tissue therefore they have a higher BMR. A colder environment results in more heat creation so there's a higher lower( higher, lower ) BMR. Exercise raises BMR and creates more muscle which further raises BMR. Dieting results in a drop in BMR.

The waist is measures unclothed at the narrowest widest( narrowest, widest ) point between the top of the hip bone and the rib margin face( rib margin, face ). The hip measurement is taken at the widest point around the buttocks wearing light clothing a robbie rotten costume( light clothing, a robbie rotten costume ). A women's waist-to hip-ratio should be no higher lower( higher, lower ) than 0.85. A man's waist-to-hip ratio should be no higher than 0.90. It is calculated by dividing multiplying( dividing, multiplying ) waist circumference by hip circumference. This takes abdominal fat into account which BMI does not do.

A high low( high, low ) salt diet causes kidneys to retain water. Higher fluid levels in the blood leads to high low( high, low ) blood pressure with associated CVD risks. Salt also causes arteries to lose elasticity recoil( elasticity, recoil ) which makes damage more likely.