A study had participants listen to a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording made it difficult for participants to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier. The results of this study illustrate the importance of _____ in forming long-term memories.
an organizational context during learning
deep processing during encoding
implicit memory during learning
imagery during encoding
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
spreading activation
semantic network
hierarchical
connectionist
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over again is most likely to;
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce long-term memories.
lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.
lead to effective autobiographical memories.
cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called;
transfer-appropriate processing.
elaborative rehearsal.
episodic retrieval.
personal semantic memory.
The learning mechanism proposed by Hebb is associated with;
changes in specialized areas of the brain.
both changes at the synapse, and long-term potentiation
long-term potentiation.
changes at the synapse.
According to Levels of Processing theory, deep processing produces better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in good memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.
auditorially : auditorially
auditorially : semanticall
semantically : auditorially
semantically : visually
Which of the following is true of the semantic network approach?
Representations of concepts are created over multiple learning trials.
It is modeled after neural networks in the brain.
Info is store locally.
Concepts are represented by patterns of activation in the network.
Not all the members of everyday categories have the same set of features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack scales yet are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _____ approach to categorization.
prototype
definitional
exemplar
family resemblance
According to the typicality effect;
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
we remember typical objects better than non-typical objects.
objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another.
objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered.
If you were to say “A German Shepherd” is my idea of a typical kind of dog”, you’d be using the _____ approach to categorization.
definintional
Which of the following is is the best example of a basic level category?
Transportation
truck
pickup truck
Vehicle
Which of the following members most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the “bird” category?
Sparrow
Hummingbird
Penguin
Duck
Raven
Experimental evidence suggesting the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data showing that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of _____ memories.
recent and remote semantic
remote semantic
recent and remote episodic
recent episodic
Mantyla’s “banana/yellow, bunches, edible” experiment demonstrated that for the best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created;
by agreement among many people, to show they are effective.
using visual images.
by a memory expert who knows what will be effective.
by the person whose memory will be tested.
Based on the behavior of HM who had his hippocampus removed to cure epilepsy, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in;
procedural memory.
long-term memory storage.
working memory
long-term memory acquisition.
Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the;
neurotransmitters
synapse.
presynaptic neuron.
postsynaptic neuron.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Each one is sometimes effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.
Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances
Learning in a connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network;
connection weights.
nodes
output units.
hidden units.
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model.
cognitive economy
back propagation
typicality
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds a box of 20 year old photos from her wedding. As she sorts through the pictures she can’t help but feel a sense of joy and cries gently. Seeing those photos of her wedding day has activated her;
prefrontal cortex.
amygdala.
thalamus
medial temporal lobe.
_____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted or altered, to a more permanent state in which they are resistant to this.
Amnesia.
Cued-recal
Consolidation
Encoding specificity
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example: “The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.”
can fly : bird
has feathers : ostrich
can fly : canary
bird : penguin
Recent research on memory, based largely on classical conditioning of a fear response in rats, indicates that;
fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
The Standard Model of Consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is;
strongly active when memories are first formed and consolidated, but less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long agon and are already consolidated.
strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and consolidated.
_____ is a mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions, including memory, reasoning, and using and understanding language.
A concept
An exemplar
A definition
A prototype
A unit
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different identification task when presented with “good” examples of colors such as red and green, than when presented with “poor” examples such as fuschia or teal. The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
parallel processing
network
The example of a brief episode of retrograde amnesia, such as when a football player is hit particularly hard and can’t recall the last play, reflects;
Korsakoff’s Syndrome.
disrupted long-term potentiation.
a failure of memory consolidation.
temporary PTSD.
Which of these statements best describes Levels of Processing theory?
Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events
People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better encoding
Info enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory
Which of the following is MOST CLOSELY modeled on the way the nervous system operates?
The prototype approach.
Semantic network theory.
Parallel distributed processing theory.
enhancement due to priming.
_____ is an average representation of the members of a category.
A component
a characteristic
The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of chairs even though no one category member may have *all* the characteristic properties of chairs is known as;
graded membership.
prototypicality
instance theory.
family resemblance.
Which of the following examples best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Alexis always has test anxiety; to combat it, she tries to relax when studying. She feels that it’s best to do this in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Last night at the grocery store, Carlos ran into the psychology professor he took a class from three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
Although Emily doesn’t often think about her first boyfriend, she can’t help but have memories of him when “their song” (the first song they danced to) comes on the radio.
Even though Walter hasn’t been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of summers there when he was little.
Retrograde amnesia is typically less severe for _____ memories.
emotional
episodic
semantic
recent
remote
According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the “psychologically privileged” level of category reflecting people’s everyday experience.
Prototypical
Superordinate
Subordinate
Basic
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as;
Repetition Priming
The self-generation effect
encoding specificity
memory consolidation
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because;
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
pictures fit better with our sensory functions and are therefore easier to learn.
people like pictures better than words, so there is enhancement from an emotional response
the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
According to Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a list of words?
Repeating the words over in your mind
Generating a rhyme for each word to be remembered.
Making a connection between each word and something you’ve previously learned.
Counting the number of vowels in each word.
Jenkins & Russell (1952) presented a list of words such as “chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa” to participants. When tested, they recalled the words in a different order. This happened because of the;
ways objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.
effect of proactive interference.
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound characteristics.
Jeanne loves to dance, and has done ballet for many years. She’s now learning Salsa; although the steps are very different from what she’s familiar with, she’s developed a strategy of linking the new steps she’s learning with her previous experiences in ballet and her own love of dancing. This is a _____ encoding strategy.
semantic memory
mass practice
self-reference
integrative experience
procedural memory
Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify “a canary is a bird” is _____ the reaction time to verify “an ostrich is a bird”.
faster than
slower than
the same as
Kim and Laura have been studying most of the evening for their psychology exam the following day. Both are tired of studying; Kim decides to go to bed and get some sleep, while Laura decides to watch a movie. Based on this info, who do you think will do better on their psychology exam the next day?
Kim does better because of reactivation.
Kim does better because of encoding specificity.
Laura does better because of encoding specificity
Laura does better because of reactivation.
Hebb’s idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of;
an increase in the size of the cell bodies of neurons.
increased transmission efficiency between the neurons.
larger electrical impulses in the synapse.
