Nikhil Bajaj
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cognitive science Quiz on hw7, created by Nikhil Bajaj on 11/30/2016.

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Nikhil Bajaj
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hw7

Questão 1 de 40

1

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked the to make “warmth” judgments every 15 sec.
to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of the experiment was to;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem.

  • demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

  • show that some problems are easier to solve than others.

  • measure the time-course of solving well defined vs. ill defined problems.

Explicação

Questão 2 de 40

1

Glick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves following three steps;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • restructuring, simulating, surfacing.

  • restructuring, searching, and simulating.

  • surfacing, structuring, and generalizing.

  • noticing, mapping, and applying.

Explicação

Questão 3 de 40

1

Amber lives between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. Usually she takes the street to the south to
work each morning, but it’s now closed for repairs, but is now taking the street to the north instead. Once the
closed street is reopened, if she continues taking the street to the north, even though it’s a little longer, it would be
an example of;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • divergent thinking.

  • ill-formed source problem.

  • a mental set

  • single dissociation

Explicação

Questão 4 de 40

1

A heuristic is;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • a quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost
    of accuracy.

  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the
    negative.

  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.

  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.

Explicação

Questão 5 de 40

1

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represent the _____ problem.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • exemplar

  • source

  • target

  • prototype

Explicação

Questão 6 de 40

1

Newell and Simon called the conditions at the beginning of the problem, the;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • source story.

  • intermediate state.

  • initial state.

  • goal state.

Explicação

Questão 7 de 40

1

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in
an artificial laboratory setting. Later, analyzing the discussions, she identifies particular problem solving
techniques. This an example of _____ research.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • environmental functional fixedness

  • in-vivo problem solving

  • situationally produced mental set

  • think-aloud protocol

Explicação

Questão 8 de 40

1

Kaplan and Simon’s experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main
purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but are more methodical
    when working on a non-insight problem.

  • the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of solving.

  • a person’s mental set can hinder their finding a solution to a problem.

  • people often have to backtrack in the problem space to arrive at the correct answer.

Explicação

Questão 9 de 40

1

Which of the following statements about the differences between novices and experts when solving a problem is
NOT true?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Experts spend more time analyzing problems than novices.

  • Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

  • Experts possess more knowledge than novices

  • Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles.

Explicação

Questão 10 de 40

1

Jack is a psychology grad student preparing for his dissertation. Faced with an extensive list of research articles to consider, he excludes many from consideration because they don’t consider findings he and his adviser published together in previous papers, and as such, aren’t up to date on the most current theories on the topic; those of Jack
and his adviser. This exclusion of info is an example of the;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • the conjunction rule

  • representativeness heuristic

  • hindsight bias

  • myside bias

Explicação

Questão 11 de 40

1

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n);

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • object with a specific function.

  • familiar object.

  • novel object

  • frequently used object.

Explicação

Questão 12 de 40

1

Newell and Simon’s early work on problem solving was based on the idea that it is a processing involving;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • algorithms.

  • heuristics.

  • insight.

  • search.

Explicação

Questão 13 de 40

1

_____ identified people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving
at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The analogical problem solving
    approach.

  • Information processing psychologists

  • Gestalt psychologists

  • Psychophysicists

Explicação

Questão 14 de 40

1

Decisions based on _____ are usually going to be correct, but there’s always the chance they could be mistaken.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • representative observations

  • algorithmic reasoning

  • inductive reasoning

  • heuristic reasoning

Explicação

Questão 15 de 40

1

The Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving a process that involves;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • sensory operators.

  • continuity and form.

  • multiple goal states.

  • reorganization or restructuring.

Explicação

Questão 16 de 40

1

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _____ state.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • functional fixedness

  • intermediate

  • initial

  • goal

Explicação

Questão 17 de 40

1

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a juice company. Sales of their calcium enhanced OJ were poor, and the product was
cancelled. Her factory still had three cases of the produce, and she was told she could have them. With the cartons,
she made several bird feeders and seedling planters, and a fort for her four year old son. This use of the cartons
represents;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • divergent thinking.

  • insight.

  • hierarchical organization

  • convergent thinking.

Explicação

Questão 18 de 40

1

The best description of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • how a person’s expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a
    beginner.

  • what info a person is attending to while solving a problem.

  • which people can be considered more creative in their problem solving.

  • how to develop computer programs tha tbest mimic human problem solving

Explicação

Questão 19 de 40

1

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the
book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • the solution is immediately obvious.

  • the initial state is not clearly defined.

  • there is an obstacle between the present state and goal state.

  • the goal state is not clearly defined.

Explicação

Questão 20 de 40

1

The _____ is assuming something belongs in a particular group because it shares features with that group, but is
actually a member of a different group.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • illusory correlation

  • stereotype

  • availability heuristic

  • representativeness heuristic

Explicação

Questão 21 de 40

1

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • analogical transfer.

  • analogical encoding.

  • in-vivo problem solving.

  • insight.

Explicação

Questão 22 de 40

1

The _____ states that the probability of two events occuring together cannot be higher than the probability of either
even occurring alone.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • representativeness heuristic

  • law of large numbers

  • rule of averages

  • conjunction rule

Explicação

Questão 23 de 40

1

_____ is the behavioral tendency to avoid _____.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Calculated risk : unnecessary risks

  • Risk aversion : calculated risks

  • Risk aversion : unnecessary risks

  • Unnecessary risk : risk aversion

Explicação

Questão 24 de 40

1

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are called;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • sub-goals.

  • intermediate states.

  • mental sets.

  • operators.

Explicação

Questão 25 de 40

1

In analogical problem solving, the _____ problem is the one the participant is trying to solve, and the _____
problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching a solution.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • exemplar : source

  • target : source

  • prototype : target

  • source : target

Explicação

Questão 26 de 40

1

Insight refers to;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • prior learning facilitating problem solving

  • prior learning hindering problem solving.

  • the tendency to respond in a certain manner based on past experience

  • the sudden realization of a problem’s solution.

Explicação

Questão 27 de 40

1

_____ refers to the idea that the participants in a sample will accurately portray the characteristics of the population
the sample is drawn from.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Inductive reasoning

  • Number of observations

  • Representativeness of observations

  • Quality of evidence

Explicação

Questão 28 de 40

1

The base rate is;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • the relative frequency at which an event/person occurs in the population

  • that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the
    population.

  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that
    event, rather than the actual frequency of all instances of that event.

  • that the probability of two events occurring together cannot be higher than the probability
    of either event occurring alone.

Explicação

Questão 29 de 40

1

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinger solution of a problem?

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • The radiation problem.

  • Mutilated checkerboard.

  • Tower of Hanoi.

  • Two-string.

Explicação

Questão 30 de 40

1

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a
problem is that, if well learned, it may prevent us from;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • seeing more efficient solutions.

  • being able to solve other problems.

  • discriminating between well and ill-defined problems.

  • understanding why the procedure is successful.

Explicação

Questão 31 de 40

1

The _____ is mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to the event, rather than
the actual frequency of all instances of that event.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • availability heuristic

  • illusory correlation

  • representativeness heuristic

  • stereotype

Explicação

Questão 32 de 40

1

Experts categorize problems based on;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • event-specific knowledge.

  • how similar the objects in the problem
    are.

  • surface and deep structures

  • general principles the problems share.

Explicação

Questão 33 de 40

1

The Gestaltist’s “circle problem” in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed
to illustrate;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • how analogies can be used to solve problems.

  • means-end analysis.

  • representation and restructuring.

  • the problem space.

Explicação

Questão 34 de 40

1

_____ is the idea that people will always seek to maximize their personal gain whenever making a decision.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Selfishness

  • Expected utility theory

  • Statistical illiteracy

  • Utilitarianism

Explicação

Questão 35 de 40

1

The solution to the “candle problem” involves realizing that the;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally.

  • candle can be cut in half.

  • match box can be used as a shelf.

  • match box can be used as a container for tacks.

Explicação

Questão 36 de 40

1

____ refers to the idea that more evidence (data, or how many examples can be cited) increases the support for a
conclusion.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • Deductive reasoning

  • Quality of evidence

  • Number of observations

  • Representativeness of observations

Explicação

Questão 37 de 40

1

Confirmation bias is;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • the relative frequency at which an event occurs in the population.

  • where we favor info confirming our position, and discount evidence contradicting it.

  • mistakenly assuming the cause of an event because of frequency of exposure to that
    event, rather than the frequency of all instances of that event.

  • the probability of two events occurring together cannot be greater than the probability of
    either event occurring alone.

Explicação

Questão 38 de 40

1

An algorithm is;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • an exhaustive search through all possible decisions to arrive at the best possible decision.

  • A quick ‘rule of thumb’ to make decisions quickly and efficiently, sometimes at the cost
    of accuracy.

  • when a correlation appears to exist between two events when none is present.

  • an oversimplified generalization about a group or class of people that often focuses on the
    negative.

Explicação

Questão 39 de 40

1

The “fortress problem” involves a castle and marching soldiers, while the “radiation problem” involves a tumor
and X-rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different;

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • surface features.

  • mental sets.

  • operators.

  • structural features.

Explicação

Questão 40 de 40

1

The _____ states that as the size of the sample increases, it will become steadily more representative of the
population it’s drawn from.

Selecione uma das seguintes:

  • representativeness heuristic

  • law of large numbers

  • conjuction rule

  • rule of averages

Explicação

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