12.) Syntax 2

Syntactic function vs. form

What is the difference between syntactic function and syntactic form?

defined by?

syntactic function vs. form

For example: The woman ate the apple.

What syntactic functions are there?

Syntactic functions:

Subject

Formal properties?
Word order?

Syntactic functions

Predicate

Verb (Predicator)

Syntactic functions

Complement
What is it?

Different types?

Syntactic functions: complement

direct vs. indirect object

What? (synonym?)

Where in the phrase?
example

Syntactic functions: complement

Prepositional complement

where in the phrase?
rememeber!

Syntactic functions: complement

Subject complement
Object complement

where in phrase?

Syntactic functions: complement

some complement tips

Syntactic functions: Adjunct

2 characteristics
What are they?
What do they do?

2 types

Syntactic functions: Adjunct

What’s the difference between the two ''last week''s.

1) The concert was last week.
2) I went to the concert last week.

Different syntactic functions can take on different forms:

eg. Subject

Different syntactic functions can take on different forms:

eg. Adjunct

When we talk about complementation patterns we are talking about ..

?

Complementation patterns

symbols we use for

Subject, Verb, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Prepositional Object, Subject complement, Object complement

normal:

Intransitive:

normal:

Monotransitive:

normal:

Ditransitive:

PP complement verbs:

Intransitive:

PP complement verbs:

Transitive

complement-patterns:

Copular

complement-patterns:

With object complement:

Then identify the complementation pattern of the sentences/clauses.

The wine made Fred drunk.

The dog bit my arm.

You told me a lovely story.

She’s on the phone.

The taxi driver took me to the airport.

I laughed because the joke was funny.

We can distinguish between lexical and functional elements

-What can they be?
-What do they have?
-Can they be modified?
-open/closed class?
-name some! special case: lexical elements

yes, also prepositions are lexical elements

3 criteria for yes

2 criteria for no

The small dog started barking loudly because a cat had jumped into the garden and stolen the dog’s favourite toy.

which elements are lexical, which are functional?

What is language typology?

How can we classify languages?

What different kinds of language are there?

Isolating (analytic) languages

Synthetic languages: fusional / inflectional

Synthetic languages: non-fusional / agglutinating

Language typology: What about English?

How does this affect the word order of Isolating (analytic) and synthetic languages?

inflection?

Word order on the clause level:

There are some cross-linguistic tendencies:

Major types?
Minor types?

Word order on the phrase level

head initial languages

head-final languages

Word order on the phrase level

English?

Fronting?