Chapter 1 Comprehensive Review

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

Scientific study of behavior and mental processes describe?

As a science, psychology has four goals. Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

A ____ proposes a relationship among observed events

Theories allow psychologists to make ___ such as a client's chance of recovery

Which is not true of psychological theories?

The results of ________ research in the study of perceptual development in lower animals are often useful in formulating the treatment of visual disorders in humans.

Applied research is research undertaken

The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

Which of these is NOT one of the three main things psychologists engage in?

__________ psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors on growth of the individual through the life span.

__________ psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism.

Each of these ancient Greek philosophers contributed to the field of psychology EXCEPT

The first person to show how scientific methods could be used to investigate psychological phenomena was

Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body. The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called

What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt founded the school of psychology called?

Under the school of structuralism, Wundt used a method called ____________ to look into one’s own objective sensations and subjective feelings.

Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to

Structuralism defined experience in terms of?

Functionalism was established by

Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called

A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?

Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution predicted that organisms that survived and reproduced were __________ than those less fit.

The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior

John B. Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

John B. Watson established __________ as a school of psychology.

John Watson proposed a definition of psychology that omitted all of the following EXCEPT

B. F. Skinner made major contributions to

Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion. After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat. From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a

Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the

The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to

Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden ___________ in which a solution

For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of

In his research on problem solving in chimpanzees, Kohler concluded that the chimp suddenly solved a problem and reached the banana because of

Which of these sayings would a Gestalt psychologist most likely agree with?

Psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes while behaviorism emphasizes

The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of human behavior is

The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on

Psychoanalysis differs from structuralism, functionalism and behaviorism in that it is also a method of

Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called

Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of psychology

The issues of ethnicity, gender, and socioeconomic status are the concerns of the __________ perspective.

Dr. Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children. Most likely, Dr. Maloff is a __________ psychologist.

Which of the following is NOT likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?

Dr. Rabin is studying whether Asian men are more or less likely to seek treatment for clinical depression as part of a larger study of Asian men’s attitudes toward health issues. Dr. Rabin is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.

Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish has an impact on intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.

The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the

Critical thinking is associated with

A(n) __________ is a specific statement about behavior or mental processes that is tested through research.

The scientific method allows us to

Which of the following is a valid hypothesis?

A hypothesis is an assumption or a best guess that

If participants are able to choose treatment in a scientific study, this is called a ____________ that is a source of bias that could influence the results.

As a scientist, you try not to speculate or draw conclusions when you do not have evidence. This approach is consistent with your use of

In selecting research participants, the results can be generalized if the sample represents the

A _______ is a segment of a population that is targeted for study.

Dr. Davis wants to study the TV viewing habits of elementary school children. He selects 50 children from local schools to participate in his research. These groups of students would be considered the

If you conclude that the participants in a study are a representative sample, then you can __________ from the research sample to the larger population.

n a __________, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate.

If 12% of the American population is Hispanic, what percentage of a stratified sample would be Hispanic?

Would a sample of children from an affluent suburban school district be considered a representative sample of American children?

A ________ is a method of collecting information about individuals or small groups.

Case study methods are often used to study __________ cases.

The ___________ method(s) of observation may produce inaccurate results because of inaccuracies in people’s memory.

The __________ method uses interviews and questionnaires to collect information from large numbers of people.

An advantage of survey research is that

Working for a consumer research organization, a woman needs to learn about behavior that she can neither observe in its natural setting nor study experimentally. She probably will use the __________ method.

By using the __________ method, researchers investigate whether observed behavior or a measured trait is related to another behavior or trait.

A correlation coefficient is a number

You design a test of intelligence. Based on the idea that intelligence is related to academic performance, you use __________ to test the relationship between performance on your new test and grades in school.

Which represents the strongest correlation?

Which of the following is most likely a correlation coefficient for a relationship between stress and health?

Which of the following is likely to be reported as a positive correlation?

In correlational research, when one variable increases as the other variable decreases, it is a __________ correlation.

There is a good chance that we will find a __________ correlation between time spent watching TV and grades in school.

The best research method to investigate cause and effect relationships between variables is

In an experiment, a group of participants that receives a dose of caffeine or a change in room temperature has received a __________.

If you wanted to study the effects of caffeine on sleep, you could vary the consumption levels of caffeine. The administration of caffeine is

In an experiment, the presence of a(n) __________ is manipulated by the researchers so that its effects may be determined.

If you were to conduct an experiment on the effects of temperature on aggressive behavior, temperature would be the __________ variable.

The experimental group participants in an experiment receive

The measured outcomes or results in an experiment are called

In an experiment to determine the effects of alcohol consumption on aggression, aggressive behavior would be the

An experiment in which the independent variable is noise level and the dependent variable is resistance to distraction, the goal is to observe whether distractibility is a(n) __________ noise

In an experimental design, participants in an experimental group receive ___________.

Participants who go through an experiment but who do not receive any treatment or manipulation are called the __________ group.

Examples of a __________ would be the use of a “sugar pill” instead of real medication or tonic water instead of an alcoholic beverage. However, the individual must believe that he or she is experiencing the real thing.

Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of, or __________, the treatment.

Experimenters may believe that a certain kind of treatment is effective. Consequently, experimenter expectations can bias research outcomes. One way to control for experimenter and participant bias is to

In a __________ study, neither the experimenter nor the participants know who has obtained

Ethical standards in human research allow researchers to balance interests in acquiring new information with concern about

____________ is a process of explaining the purposes and methods of the research after a study has been completed.

When research cannot be carried out with human participants, researchers

The benefits of animal research

As an animal lover, you find it difficult to participate in the destruction of animals for research purposes. As a scientist, you

Brain lesioning studies in rats have provided insights regarding

Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying what?

The humanistic-existential perspective unities ____ and ____ as central principles to this approach

Cathy was a successful real estate agent. At age 36, she decided to to donate her wealth to charity and become a missionary in Haiti, where she has been living in relative contentment for the past two years. Which perspective would best explain Cathy's behavior?

Five-year old Todd watched his father at his workbench, hammering together a bird house. Soon Todd was next to his father, hammer in tapping the workbench. Todd's behavior is best described as?

In ____ researchers study behavior when it actually happens or in the field.

Unobtrusive measures strive to minimize ____ during naturalistic observation