Chapter 9 Review

Piaget described human thought in terms of two basic concepts:

A two-year-old child’s family has a pet dog. The child visits the neighbor’s house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor’s dog is larger and a different color the child points to it and says “dog.” Which of Piaget’s processes does this demonstrate?

Piaget interpreted an infant’s tendency to explore new objects through sucking as an instance of

Toy manufacturers need to be careful that toys and parts of toys are too large for children to put into their mouths. Piaget would interpret this as

Piaget’s term for a pattern of action or a mental structure that is involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge is a(n)

After having several birthday parties at home, a six-year old develops a _____ for this type of an experience, so they will know what to expect if they go to someone else’s birthday party.

A two-year-old child’s family has a pet cat. When they visit the zoo, the child sees a lion and calls it a cat. To modify the child’s misunderstanding, what process must occur according to Piaget?

Piaget’s term for the creation of new ways of responding to objects is

People expect whales to be fish because they live in the sea. The recognition that whales are mammals requires a(n) __________ of existing schemas.

Jean Piaget hypothesized that cognitive development progressed

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development are, in order of increasing age:

During the sensorimotor stage, behavior becomes increasingly

How does Piaget interpret the four- to eight-month-old’s interest in kicking a hanging toy and causing it to bounce?

A four-month-old infant is playing with keys. You place a magazine on top of the keys. The infant does not search for them. What does this demonstrate a lack of?

Prior to the age of six months, you could take a toy away from your infant and the baby would not protest. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

You find that your infant takes great pleasure in the game of peek-a-boo. What Piagetian concept explains this observation?

The acquisition of the basics of language at about age two allows the child to use words and symbols to represent objects. This begins the

A three-year-old child who doesn’t understand that five single dollar bills are equal to a five-dollar bill is in Piaget’s _______ stage.

A five-year-old is speaking on the telephone to his/her grandparent. The child holds up the picture they were describing and says to the grandparent “See.” According to Piaget, this demonstrates _____.

You are playing hide-and-seek with your preoperational child. You count to 10 while he/she hides. You find your child sitting in the middle of the room with his/her eyes closed. The child believes because he/she cannot see you, then you cannot see him/her. What does this demonstrate?

Preoperational children attribute life to physical objects like the sun and the moon. What does this demonstrate?

Preoperational children attribute life to physical objects like the sun and the moon. What does this demonstrate?

You show a child two tall and thin glasses filled with equal amounts of water. You pour the water from one glass into a short, wide glass and tell the child to take the glass with the most water in it. You are observing the child’s capacity to
a. reason deductively. c. center on one aspect of the situation.

The preoperational child judges only the consequences of an action and cannot center on both consequences and intention. Piaget describes this as

Concrete operational children are capable of __________; they can center on two dimensions of a problem at once.

Concrete operational children become __________ in their moral judgments. When assigning guilt, they center on the intentions of the wrongdoer

One child breaks 15 dishes accidentally, and another child breaks one dish while attempting to steal money from the family change jar. Using the moral judgment of a concrete operational child, whose deed is naughtier?

Concrete operational children understand the law of __________; that is, they understand that the basic properties of substances such as weight and volume stay the same when you change superficial properties such as their shape or arrangement.

Awareness of the concept of decentration supports conservation because it allows children to

Piaget’s concept for the concrete operational child’s capacity to understand that many processes can be undone, reversed, and restored to their previous condition is

When you arrange two rows of five pennies each and place them a half-inch apart in the first row while separating the other row of five pennies by three inches, the preoperational child will say that the second row has more pennies. However, the concrete operational child has the capacity to __________ numbers and will not make this same error.

Because concrete operational children are less egocentric, they can increasingly

Conservation, decentration, reversibility, and subjective responsibility are generally achieved at about __________ years.

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget’s theory?

Support for Piaget’s theory has been found in his view that

Kohlberg’s theory of moral development is a(n) __________ theory.

What method of study did Kohlberg use?

A child who cleans up their room to avoid losing a privilege is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg’s theory.

Children at the __________ level of moral reasoning base their judgments on the consequences of behavior.

An adult who chooses not to park in a handicap space because they want to avoid a ticket and fine, is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg’s theory.

A third grader who decides not to cheat on a test because if caught their parents would be displeased with them, is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg’s theory

A third grader who decides not to cheat on a test because if caught their parents would be displeased with them, is operating at the _____ level of Kohlberg’s theory

If a person reasIf a person reasons that Heinz could solve his moral dilemma by obeying the law, even at the cost of his wife’s life, then that person demonstratesons that Heinz could solve his moral dilemma by obeying the law, even at the cost of his wife’s life, then that person demonstrates

If a person reasons that Heinz could solve his moral dilemma by obeying the law, even at the cost of his wife’s life, then that person demonstrates

Research demonstrates that _______ is a prerequisite for postconventional reasoning

Inconsistencies in Kohlberg’s theory have been found with the fact that

described the psychosocial stages of development.

According to Erikson, the infant-parent relationship can affect issues associated with _____ during the first year of life.

Erik Erikson described an early stage of psychosocial development during which we depend on primary caretakers. This relationship determines the emergence of

According to Erikson, a toddler who is given opportunities to explore and manipulate things in their environment and who is encouraged to investigate will gain a sense of

The four childhood goals of social development, according to Erikson, are:

Authoritative parents are both strict and

Which parenting style is most likely to have strict guidelines about what is right and wrong and to expect the child to adhere to those guidelines without question?

What do authoritative and authoritarian parents have in common?

A child’s father is not very affectionate and demands that the child not speak to an adult unless spoken to, that he/she always put away one toy before taking out another, and that soft drinks be consumed only on special occasions. This child’s father can be described as

A child’s mother seldom objects if her child interrupts, and she seldom requires that her child take responsibility for cleaning his/her room or completing homework. This mother’s parenting style would be considered

Permissive parents are poor at communicating but...

What do permissive and authoritarian parents have in common?

_____________ parents show little encouragement or warmth toward their children and tend to leave them on their own.

The most competent children tend to have

116. During a parent-teacher conference, a father says, “My child will do what I say because I say so, no ifs, ands, or buts!” The child of this parent has academic and social problems. The parent’s statement demonstrates

Children of uninvolved parents tend to have _______________than children whose parents are more involved.

Baumrind’s study of parenting styles connects

According to Piaget, cognitive maturity is

Children who recognize that all the ideals they have been taught are not always indicative of the way people act in reality, are experiencing Piaget’s _____ stage of cognitive development.

Formal operational children derive rules for action based on

Kohlberg’s level of moral reasoning that may arise during adolescence is the