Anatomy and Physiology Lectures 3 and 4

Impaired Production of water fluid from the airway epithelium is known as .

The thorax is a closed compartment bounded at the neck by muscles and connective tissue and completely separated from the abdomen by a large, dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle called the .

Type II alveolar cells secrete a detergent like substance known as that is important for preventing the collapse of the alveoli.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures states that the partial pressure of each gas is directly proportional to its percentage in the mixture. Nitrogen is commonly represented at % of the total mixture.

In a normal situation the alveoli contain a higher concentration of and water vapor in comparison to the atmosphere.

Alveoli enable extreme increase in and a diffusion path to diffusive gas exchange.

Respiratory pressure is always described relative to .

Pneumothorax is caused by the equalization of pressure with intrapulmonary pressure.

is what keeps the lungs open and not flattened.

Boyles Law is the relationship between the and volume of gases at a constant temperature.

In a healthy individual, energy is only required for expiration while .

The is responsible for stimulating the diaphragm, which causes it to move inferiorly as it contracts during .

Pulmonary Fibrosis (pictured) is a disease where the normal tissues in the lungs are replaced with , which is less ; it also increases the of the alveoli.

Lung compliance (shown in the graph) is determined by lung volume and .

Two ways to treat infant respiratory distress syndrome is with and putting the infant on a . Without these, the infant’s lungs will at every breath.

Flow, and resistance are all physical factors that influence lung ventilation.

The amount of gas flowing into and out of the is directly proportional to change in .

Because of the bronchoconstriction in asthmatic individuals, there is a times reduction in radius, resulting in a times reduction in flow.

Carbon dioxide can be transported in the blood by dissolving in plasma, chemically bound to and as a bicarbonate ion in plasma.

The respiratory system is one of major buffering systems in the body, by regulating .

, difficult or labored breathing. is a symptom experienced by both those who have asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

High fever, night sweats, and weight loss are all symptoms of .

The and or diffusion path are both needed to calculate the diffusion rate using Fick’s Diffusion Equation.

is a type of hypoxia caused by a reduced level of oxygen in the blood.

CO2 is soluble than H2O

The partial pressure of CO2 in tissue is than the partial pressure of CO2 in the bloodstream

A reduced alveolar ventilation causes the partial pressure of carbon dioxide to and the partial pressure of oxygen to , which prompt pulmonary arterioles to .

hypoxia occurs when blood flow is blocked.

The most common way that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood is via the .

In the bicarbonate buffer system, when a bicarbonate ion moves out a red blood cell, moves into the red blood cell.

Slow, shallow breathing the concentration of CO2 in the blood.

The ventral respiratory group of the medulla has .

hypoxia occurs when blood flow is blocked.

The most common way that carbon dioxide is carried in the blood is via the .

In the bicarbonate buffer system, when a bicarbonate ion moves out a red blood cell, moves into the red blood cell.

Slow, shallow breathing the concentration of CO2 in the blood.

The ventral respiratory group of the medulla has .

Muscle glycogen depletion, known colloquially as occurs when the shift to lipid oxidation fails to meet ATP demand, despite adequate O2 supply to the mitochondria. (Lecture 4)

remains the same during exercise.

Cardiac output in a trained individual is cardiac output in an untrained individual.

The scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, and erector spinae muscles are examples of .

is VO2max / resting metabolic rate.

Cost of transport with training.

Cost of transport with % body fat and with size.

If you exercise above your VO2 max, you create a larger .

When and carbohydrates are depleted, protein is used as fuel.

In a non-starving individual exercising at a respiratory quotient (RQ) of 85, of their energy is coming from lipids.

Walking is energy efficient than running.

Aerobic scope is for animals who are better runners.

Once your rate of energy usage exceeds VO2max, you switch to and start accumulating .

In the figure above, graph A represents , which is the same regardless of training; graph B represents , which is lower in trained individuals; and graph C represents , which is lower in untrained individuals.

The muscle labeled 'A' is the the muscle, which is an muscle.

The black line, representing is the first fuel source used; the blue line, representing is the secondary fuel source; the purple line is the tertiary fuel source. , represented by the red line, takes a time to start producing energy, but is more sustainable.

The slope of this line is .

Graph is likely to be more accurate because it controlled for more variables than did graph .

, represented by the red line on the graph, doesn’t change as body mass changes.

This graph is known as a .

Hemoglobin oxygen affinity goes when temperature is increased.

In individuals who exercise regularly, total peripheral resistance and the number of capillary beds around the lungs .

The unlabeled structures in the image to the left are .

If you exercise close to your VO2 max, you’re burning primarily .

In a condition known as diffusion of gases between alveoli and capillaries is impaired by some of the alveoli filling with fluid.

is a disease treated with leukotriene inhibitors, inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilator drugs.

In the image to the left: The blank is pointing to a collection of

occurs when arterial PO2 is normal but the total oxygen content of the blood is decreased because of inadequate numbers of erythrocytes, deficient or abnormal hemoglobin or competition for the hemoglobin molecule by carbon monoxide.

A group of sensory receptors that are stimulated by strenuous exercise, pulmonary embolism or left ventricular heart failure are known as .

makes up 20% to 40% of all lung cancer cases and arises in the bronchial epithelium.

is distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli and deterioration of the alveolar walls. This inflammation leads to damage of the pulmonary capillaries.

The unlabeled structure in the image to the left is .