Biological Molecules and Tests

Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds weak intermolecular forces ionic bonds London forces( hydrogen bonds, weak intermolecular forces, ionic bonds, London forces ). This is thanks to oxygen's electronegativity larger size abundance in air charge( electronegativity, larger size, abundance in air, charge ), which means that the oxygen region of the molecule is slightly more negative positive thermodynamically stable thermodynamically unstable( negative, positive, thermodynamically stable, thermodynamically unstable ) than the hydrogen regions. Water is said to be a polar reactive electron-dense nonpolar( polar, reactive, electron-dense, nonpolar ) molecule.
Hydrogen bonding Electronegativity Ionic bonding Covalent bonding( Hydrogen bonding, Electronegativity, Ionic bonding, Covalent bonding ) is the attraction between slightly negative oxygen slightly larger oxygen slightly negative hydrogen slightly positive hydrogen charged oxygen( slightly negative oxygen, slightly larger oxygen, slightly negative hydrogen, slightly positive hydrogen, charged oxygen ) atoms and slightly positive hydrogen slightly positive oxygen slightly negative hydrogen slightly smaller hydrogen( slightly positive hydrogen, slightly positive oxygen, slightly negative hydrogen, slightly smaller hydrogen ) atoms, and explains why water is a liquid vapour solid gas( liquid, vapour, solid, gas ) at room temperature, despite its small size.

Not all disaccharides monosaccharides( disaccharides, monosaccharides ) are reducing sugars, but no non-reducing sugars are monosaccharides disaccharides polysaccharides( monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides ).

When testing for a reducing sugar with alkaline copper(II) sulphate, the reducing agent is the reducing sugar starch copper(II) sulphate hydrogen ions( the reducing sugar, starch, copper(II) sulphate, hydrogen ions ). At a temperature of 80 100 75 25( 80, 100, 75, 25 ) degrees C, for a duration of 3 minutes 1 minute 20 seconds 45 seconds( 3 minutes, 1 minute, 20 seconds, 45 seconds ), Cu2+ Cu3+ Cu+( Cu2+, Cu3+, Cu+ ) is is reduced to Cu+ Cu2+ Cu3+ Cu( Cu+, Cu2+, Cu3+, Cu ), by gaining an electron two electrons a protons( an electron, two electrons, a protons ). The new, reduced ion forms copper oxide copper hydroxide copper(I) sulphate copper( copper oxide, copper hydroxide, copper(I) sulphate, copper ), which precipitates. The colour change is from blue colourless white orange green( blue, colourless, white, orange, green ) to red orange green blue colourless( red, orange, green, blue, colourless ), and the degree of colour change is proportional to the concentration of reducing sugar.

Before testing for non-reducing sugars, you should test for reducing sugars lipids pH actin and/or myosin( reducing sugars, lipids, pH, actin and/or myosin ). Next, boiling the sample with hydrochloric acid in water in alkaline solution with Benedict's Solution( with hydrochloric acid, in water, in alkaline solution, with Benedict's Solution ) ensures hydrolysis polymerisation condensation( hydrolysis, polymerisation, condensation ) of the sugars. Then, cool and neutralise with sodium hydrogen carbonate sodium hydroxide sodium chloride( sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride ) solution.
If there were any non-reducing sugars in the sample, they will have been converted into reducing sugars glucose water and carbon dioxide energy in the form of ATP( reducing sugars, glucose, water and carbon dioxide, energy in the form of ATP ), which you can now test for. A positive negative( positive, negative ) result will indicate the presence of non-reducing sugars in the original sample.

To test for lipids, first mix thoroughly with ethanol water hydrocarbon solvent ammonium solution( ethanol, water, hydrocarbon solvent, ammonium solution ). Then, after filtering decanting distilling extraction( filtering, decanting, distilling, extraction ), pour the mixture into water ethanol hydrocarbon solvent Tollens Reagent( water, ethanol, hydrocarbon solvent, Tollens Reagent ). A positive result is indicated by a cloudy white cloudy red clear blue clear and colourless( cloudy white, cloudy red, clear blue, clear and colourless ) emulsion.

The two reagents needed to test for proteins are sodium hydroxide sodium hydrogen carbonate hydrochloric acid ethanol( sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, hydrochloric acid, ethanol ) and copper sulphate ammonia benzoic acid magnesium sulphate( copper sulphate, ammonia, benzoic acid, magnesium sulphate ). The goal is to see whether copper ammonium hydroxide magnesium( copper, ammonium, hydroxide, magnesium ) ions form a complex with peptide amine ester polymer( peptide, amine, ester, polymer ) bonds. A colour change from blue colourless purple pale yellow( blue, colourless, purple, pale yellow ) to purple dark blue brown light blue( purple, dark blue, brown, light blue ) indicates a positive result.