Conscious proprioception information (kinaesthesia) is relayed from the forelimb to conscious level by the following tract system?
Cuneate tract
Gracile tract
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract
Ventral spinocerebellar tract
Spinothalamic tract
Which of the following would most strongly suggest a diagnosis of Horner's Syndrome?
Droopy eyelid, constricted pupil, retraction of 3rd eyelid
Droopy eyelid, constricted pupil, protrusion of 3rd eyelid
Droopy eyelid, no change in pupil size, retraction of 3rd eyelid
Droopy eyelid, dilated pupil, retraction of 3rd eyelid
Droopy eyelid, dilated pupil, protrusion of 3rd eyelid
What is the location of the cell bodies of the post-ganglionic nerves that supply the structures of the head?
Middle cervical ganglion
Lateral horn of thoracic spinal cord
Atellate ganglion
Cranial cervical ganglion
Basal ganglion
From what part of the spinal cord does sympathetic nerve supply to the head arise?
Cervical segments 3 - 5
Cervical segments 5 - 8
Thoracic segments 5 - 10
Cervical segments 1 - 3
Thoracic segments 1 - 3
The CN V(1) opthalmic branch of the tigeminal CN provides sensory input to? (may be more than one correct answer)
Upper eye lid
Cornea
Lower eye lid
Orbicularis oculi
The CN V(2) maxillary branch of the tigeminal CN provides sensory input to? (may be more than one correct answer)
Horn (corneal branch)
Upper eyelid
Which structures are innervated by the autonomic nervous system?
(more than one answer)
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Glandular tissue
Skeletal muscle
The preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic pathway are relatively shorter than the postganglionic.
The postganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic pathway are relatively shorter than the preganglionic.
The sympathetic pathway is described as having a thoracolumbar outflow. Which segments of the spinal cord is this restricted to?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
The parasympathetic pathway is described as having a Craniosacral outflow. What structures is this restricted to?
Brain
Where are preganglionic nuclei of the ANS located in then spinal cord?
Lateral horn of spinal cord- grey matter
Dorsal root
Ventral horn of grey matter
Ventral root
Which below are divisions of the sympathetic ANS?
Cervicothoracic ganglion
Vertebral nerve
Splanchnic nerve
Collateral ganglia
Hypogastric nerve
Sympathetic trunk
Pelvic nerve
CN VII
CN III
Which below are divisions of the parasympathetic ANS?
CN IX
CN X
Cranial cerivical ganglion
Which options below form the Medial lemniscal system. A spinal cord sensory pathway.
Dorsal columns
Spinothalamic tracts
Spinocervicothalamic tracts
Spinoreticular tracts
Spinocerebellar tracts
What below are properties of the medial lemniscal system?
3 chain neuron pathway
Contralateral relay
Bilateral relay
Thalamus interprets before reaching conscious level
What below are properties of the medial Spinoreticular tracts (ascending reticular formation)?
Bilateral relay close to midline
Multineurons
Finely myelinated
Diffuse relay to cortex
Spinocerebellar tracts properties:
Ipsilateral
Unconscious proprioception
The Pyramidal system (corticospinal) properties.
Lower motor neurons
Upper motor neurons
Interneurons can be present in spinal cord
single neuron from CNS to spinal cord
Innervate skeletal muscle
Which tracts form the extrapyramidal system?
Rubrospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Tectospinal tract
Corticospinal
Which tract below also has a ipsilateral relay in addition to contralateral?
The red nucleus in the midbrain leads to which tract?
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal
All postganglionic sympathetic fibres are adrenergic. (Release norepinephrine)
All preganglionic fibres of both para and sympathetic release acetylcholine.
The exception to the release of adrenaline from only postganglionic cells occurs from?
Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Which adrenergic receptor activates phospholipase C to increase intracellular second messengers IP3 and DAG to ultimately stimulate release of Ca2+.
Alpha
Beta
Which adrenergic receptor activates adenyl cyclase to increase intracellular cAMP which activates PKA leading to a positive iontropic response?
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors once activated results in..... A drug with this effect is Midodrine.
Vasoconstriction
Raise heart rate
Relax bronchi
Relax bladder
Sedation
Alpha 2 adrenergic receptors once activated results in..... A drug with this effect is Xylazine.
Sedation. Muscle relaxation.
Relax blader
Beta 1 adrenergic receptors once activated results in..... A drug with this effect is Isoprenaline.
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors once activated results in..... A drug with this effect is Salbutamol.
Beta 3 adrenergic receptors once activated results in..... A drug with this effect is solabegron.
Relaxes bladder
An antagonist drug of beta 1/2 known as Propanolol is used for?
Treat anxiety
Reduce blood pressure
An antagonist drug of Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors known as Doxazosin is used for?
An antagonist drug of alpha 2 adrenergic receptors known as Phentolamine is used for?
The action of Beta 2 and Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors is important with regards to vascular smooth muscle. Beta 2- relaxation Alpha 1- constriction. What does epinephrine have a higher affinity for?
Beta 2
Alpha 1
The action of Beta 2 and Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors is important with regards to vascular smooth muscle. Beta 2- relaxation Alpha 1- constriction. Which receptor is there more of?
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to increased contractility of the heart?
Beta 1
Alpha 2
Beta 3
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to constriction of arterioles? (may be more than one)
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to dilation of the arterioles?
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to relaxation of the bronchial muscle?
Which adrenergic receptor(s) once activated leads to relaxation of the GI muscle? (May be more than one)
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to relaxation of the uterus?
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to reduced insulin secretion from the pancreas?
Which adrenergic receptor once activated leads to increased insulin secretion from the pancreas?
Which Muscarinic receptor from the parasympathetic nervous system stimulates gastric secretion?
M1
M2
M3
M4 & M5
Which Muscarinic receptor from the parasympathetic nervous system slows heart rate?
Which Muscarinic receptor from the parasympathetic nervous system mediate lacrimal salivary gland secretion and gut smooth muscle contraction?
Which Muscarinic receptor from the parasympathetic nervous system mediate adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla?
What is the neurotransmitter of the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
What receptor is ligand gated and found at the neuromuscular junction?
Nicotinic
Muscarinic
Adrenergic
