Which sterol modulates membrane fluidity and how does it do this?

What is the function of a flippase?

Which structures do simple amphipathic sodium or potassium salts of the long chain fatty acids, and amphipathic lipids form in solution?

What is a wax?

Where and how are glycolipids inserted into the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane?

What is a terpene?

What is a steroid?

How are fats and oils distinguished?

What are three major types of membrane proteins?

How do transmembrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer?

How do monolayer-associated proteins associate with the lipid bilayer?

How are lipid-linked proteins associated with the bilayer?

What happens to a phopholipid bilayer if torn?

How are protein-attached proteins associated with the phospholipid bilayer?

The higher the proportion of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails...

How and why do alpha-helices and pores of transmembrane proteins form?

Describe the fluidity of the phospholipid bilayer.

Name a type of membrane pore, other than an alpha-helix pore.

What dictates which direction a protein will face in a membrane?

What are fatty acids?

Cholesterol has a relatively high insulating capacity. In what cells is it found in high proportions?

Give an example of an anchored protein function.

Why is the most prevalent isomer of unsaturated fatty acids the cis isomer?

What is a lipid raft?

What is the lipid bilayer permeable and impermeable to?

What is the significance of the distribution of positive and negative ions being maintained as equal within the cell and the surrounding fluid?

Selectively permeable membrane transport proteins traverse biological membranes. What two categories can these be divided into?

What are triacylglycerols?

Cells or organelles have varying proportions of different transporters. Give an example.

What is facilitated diffusion?

What is active transport?

What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

The rate of transport is dependent on which gradients?

What charge does the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane have and what effect does this have?

List the 3 main ways of cells carrying out active transport.

What is a glycerophospholipid? Give an example of one.

The ATP-driven Na+ pump has a central role in membrane transport in animals. How does it work?

What is osmosis?

Which plasma membrane channels facilitate osmosis?

Which membrane protein predominantly works to maintain the osmotic balance/osmotic pressure across a membrane?

Why can plants tolerate a large osmotic difference across their plasma membranes that animals can't?

What is an ether glycerophospholipid?

What are is primary and secondary active transport?

Membranes can be involved directly in transport between organelles or cells by breaking off around a substrate. List some situations in which this happens.

What are sphingolipids?

What are glycosphingolipids?

Like amino acids, monosaccharides exist as L-isomers and D-isomers, which are present in sugars?

Name some of the 16 optical isomers of C6H12O6.

What are 5-membered rings and 6-membered rings called?

Which bonds form between monosaccharides to produce polysaccharides, and which reactions produce these bonds?

What are some functions of sugars?

Lipids are characterised by..

Define amphipathic.

How are amphipathic properties balanced in pharmacology?

What are the four major groups of small organic biological molecules in cells and what are they the components of?

What is the basic structure of an amino acid?

What are the different types of amino acid side chains?

Proline is an...

Polypeptides are formed by ? bonds between amino acids, by ? reactions.

Amino acids exist as optical isomers in D (deutero) and L (livo) forms. Which is found in proteins and where is the other isomer found?

What happens when the functional groups of amino acids are ionised?

In its zwitterion form, what charged groups are present on an amino acid (~pH7)?

What is the general formula of a sugar?