Unit 4 - Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology

Primary Function of the Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular Physiology

What is the medium for transport?

Modes of Transport: Bulk Flow

What happens if the heart stops?

Ischemia

Transient Ischemia

Persistent Ischemia

Primary Cardiovascular Dysfunctions

Congenital Primary Cardiovascular Dysfunction

Acquired Primary Cardiovascular Dysfunction

Secondary cardiovascular dysfunctions

Shock

Types of Shock: Hemorrhagic

Types of Shock: Cardiogenic

Types of Shock: Septic

Types of Shock: Endotoxic

Substances transported by the Cardiovascular System (4)

Perfusion Pressure

Modes of Transport: Diffusion

Functional Arrangement of the Cardiovascular System: Heart

Cardiac Output

Hematocrit (PCV)

If you have high plasma concentration and low cell concentration in the blood, this could indicate:

If you have low plasma concentration and high cell concentration, this could indicate:

Blood

Gas Transport

What is the buffy coat in blood?

Cell Types of The Heart

Cardiomyocytes:
Contractile Cells

Cardiomyocytes:
Pacemaker Cells

Autorhythmic

Non-cardiomyocyte Cells:
Fibroblasts

Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells

Neural Cells

When we die, our heart keeps beating for a while. What causes the actual cessation of our autorhythmic heart?

Secondary Cardiovascular Dysfunctions:
Pulmonary Edema

Secondary Cardiovascular Dysfunction:
Anesthetic Overdose

Secondary Cardiovascular Dysfunctions:
Burns or Persistent vomiting or diarrhea

SA node:

AV node

AV bundle (Bundle of his)

Purkinje fibres

Left/Right bundle branches

Sympathetic Effects on the Heart

Chronotropy

Parasympathetic Effects on the Heart

Action potentials in pacemaker cells

Pacemaker Potential

Pacemaking in the Heart

Conduction System of the Heart

What does the extremely rapid conduction of an action potential allow for?

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Einthoven Triangle

Arrhythmias: Classification (2)

Arrhythmias: Disorders of Rate

Arrhythmias: Disorders of rhythm

What does decreased cardiac output lead to?

Arrhythmia Definition

Arrhythmias: Causes

Arrhythmias: Problems with the formation of APs

Arrhythmias: Problems with the formation of APs - Treatment

Arrhythmias: Problems with Propagation of APs AV node block- Definition and Classifications

Arrhythmias: Problems with propagation of AP's: Atrial Conduction Abnormalities

Cardiac Cycle

Systole

Diastole

Stroke volume (SV)

Cardiac Physiology

Systole

Diastole

Cardiac Cycle

Factors Affecting cardiac output causing an increase in cardiac output

Contractility

Normal heart sounds (lub dub)

Cardiac Murmurs

Systolic Murmurs

Diastolic Murmurs

Patent ductus arteriosis

Cardiac Defects that cause murmurs usually lead to:

Pathological Consequences of Cardiac Defects - Mitral Regurgitation:

Pathological Consequences of Cardiac Defects - Patent Ductus

Pathological Consequences of Cardiac Defects - Mitral Stenosis

Systemic circulation

Compliance

Vascular Resistance

Arterioles

Blood flow to each organ is determined by

Pulmonary Circulation

Mean Arterial Pressure

Blood/Pulse Pressure Calculation

Capillaries

Oncotic Forces

Hydrostatic forces

Onocotic and Hydrostatic forces under normal conditions

Edema

Safety Mechanisms that limit the degree of edema

What can lead to edema?

Local Control of Blood Flow

Control of Vascular Resistance: Intrinsic Factors

Control of Vascular Resistance: Extrinsic Factors

2 intrinsic factors in the control of vascular resistance

Metabolic Control

Metabolic Control of Blood Flow: Active Hyperemia

Reactive Hyperemia

Mechanical Compression (MC)

Autoregulation

Paracrine Signals

Paracrine signals: Endothelin - 1

Paracrine signals: Nitric Oxide (NO) (gas)

Histamine

Bradykinin

Neurohumoral Control of the Cardiovascular System

ANS controls of the CV system

Baroreceptors

Baroreceptor Reflex

Atrial Volume Receptors

Renal Perfusion

Heart (pump) Failure

Bilateral Heart failure

Left- or Right-sided heart failure

When heart can't maintain pumping capability, 3 things occur:

Left-sided heart failure

Right-sided heart failure

Compensations of Heart failure

Complications Secondary to Heart failure

Decompensation in LV failure

Consequences and Compensations of Hemorrhage initiated by:

Behavioural and Hormonal Responses to Hemorrhage

Muscle Pump

Amphibian Cardiovascular System

Reptilian Cardiovascular System

Respiratory functions

Basal metabolism

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Gas Exchange

Processes involved in gas exchange

Ventilation

VE

VT
f
VA
VD

Conducting airways

Types of Dead-Space

Physiological deadspace

Dead space/tidal volume ratio (VD/VT)

Inhalation

Exhalation

In running animals, ventilation is synchronized with gait. During inhalation and exhalation:

Pulmonary Surfactant

Lung compliance

Pleural fluid

Atelectasis

Frictional Resistance of the Airways

Control of airway diameter

Dynamic Compression

Collateral ventilation

Air distribution in the lung

Intrathoracic airways

2 circulatory Systems for blood flow to the lung

Bronchial Circulation

Pulmonary Circulation

Pulmonary Capillaries

Pulmonary Veins

Alveolar capillaries

Distribution of Pulmonary Blood Flow influenced by 2 main factors

Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)

In systemic circulation what provides the majority of resistance blood flow?

Transmural Pressure

Vascular Smooth Muscle

Alveolar Hypoxia and Vascular Resistance

Hypoxic Vasoconstriction

Exercise and Pulmonary Circulation

Partial Pressure/Fractional Composition

Alveolar Gas Composition

Alveolar Hypoventilation

Alveolar Hyperventilation

Causes of alveolar hypoventilation

Rate of Gas movement (Voxygen) b/w alveolus and blood determined by 4 things:

1) Physical property of gas (D)

2) Alveolar surface area avail for diffusion (A)

3) Thickness of air-blood barrier (x)

4) Driving pressure gradient

Gas exchange b/w blood and tissue

Gas Exchange b/w blood and tissue during exercise

V/Q ratio

Oxygen Transport

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen (1)

Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen (2)

Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen (3)

Hemoglobin Affinity for Oxygen (4)

Hb colour

Carbon monoxide affinity for Hb

Carbon Dioxide transport

Gas transport during exercise

During exercise, what is increased oxygen extraction due to?

Regulation of ventilation

Central Control of Respiration

Types of Pulmonary Airway Receptors: Slow adapting stretch receptors

Types of Pulmonary Airway Receptors: Irritant Receptors (rapidly adapting stretch receptors)

Types of Pulmonary and Airway Receptors: C Fibres