A portion of the protein that atttches to a dna

The range of alleles in genes

a discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A discontinuous genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms

a categorical genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species. A categorical genetic variation divides the individuals of a population into two or more sharply distinct forms

None of the below

A genetic marker for unknown genes at a particular loci

n examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can test traits/disorders. Use strand of interest to attach to target strand portion in chromosone. A Manhattan plot

n examination/placing of markers on an genome-wide set of genetic variants in different individuals to see if any variant is associated with a trait. Can only be used to karotype

Single nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape

Single nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases

Single nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
Nucleotide substitution- number of bases

Single nucleotide subsitution
Structural- has potentional changes (helix etc) shape
Deletion of half a codon on sister strand- any number of bases
Nucleotide substitution- number of bases
Block inversion nucleotides backwards on the sister strand - held together by H bonds
Copy number- the number of repeating sequences (eg codons) can either increase or decrease, changing protein structure

Monogentic

Polygenetic

Can't be sure that SNP variance, if found in tests, accounts for malfunction in gene

costly to run

need ill patients

use healthy patients.

single out quantitative traits

cheap to run

A and B

Longitudinal studies

All kinds: their genome is comparative to humans

Meta analysis

Repeated Measures

Mutagenetics

Crossing animals

same as human dna study techniques

all of the above

Mean the same thing: its just current or past time periods

Genotype to work out phenotype

Phenotypes work out genotype

B and C

GWAS

Observing modes of inheritance with specific traits

Observing Phenotypes, mutating different genes and observing the functional, structural and behavioural impact

All of the above

Positvely and negatively charged

Channel and carrier mediated

Ion Channels
G-Protein coupled

none of the above

all of the below

Presynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter release
Postsynaptic: Alters neurotransmitter action (e.g., alters excitability/ firing pattern)

-Neuromodulation may produce both neurophysiological and biochemical effects.
Some moles can be NTs and modulators depending on context eg Serotonin

Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

The research is not comprehensive enough

Too many variables to consider

Same mol somewhere else doesnt act as NT elsewhere

none of the above

Neurotransmission:
Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
Neuromodulation:
Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

Neuromodulation:
Either EXCITATORY or INHIBITORY and
serves rapid (millisecond), precise, point to point communication.
Neurotransmission:
Describes slower (milliseconds to seconds)
processes that alter the subsequent responsiveness of neurons.

Synthesis and transport to the synapse is relatively slow. BUT The neurotransmitter action is extremely fast because it sits ready for release.

A and C

Antagonist: gonists: act like NT on receptor
Agonist: blocks receptor

Agonists: act like NT on receptor
Antagonist: blocks receptor

Drugs act by “mimicking” natural neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in both cases

all of the above

All of the below depending on intervention type

Beneficial effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment (drug or device) delivery rather than its direct action.
- Pain relief
- Reduced distress
- Other symptom relief

Negative effects attributable to the brain/mind responses to context of treatment delivery rather than drug action.
- Pain
- Nausea
- Distress
-Hormone/Immune Response

Depends on the drug being tested

to develop the best treatments

to understand the actual effects of the intervention

What is caused by the placebo vs the pathology ie disentangle placebo effects from the primary intervention )

All of the above

actively interpreted by the brain and can elicit expectations, memories and emotions.. which can lead to symptom improvement

Tricking the patient as a way to cheapen research costs

Depending on the symptom and the type of “treatment” many different factors might be involved

None of the above

Reduce drug intake

large or larger than accepted drug treatments and can reduce disability and increase quality of life over a period of months or longer (even reduce mortality).

Participants learned to control their brain activity and reported reduced chronic pain symptoms after training

None of the above

Open vs Hidden Design

Parallel Group Design

Conditioning Design

All of the above

Acts as a neuromodulator influencing the activity of a variety of neurons throughout the brain

appetite, temperature, working memory, hallucinations and mood

sleep, arousal,

All of the above

The Anterior pituarity gland

from neurons originating in the Raphe Nucleus (Raphe = midline).

Tryptophan an amino acid is activated upon by synethsis enyzme to form active compound.

B and C

A At least 5 of the following symptoms (see slides) have been present during the same 2-week period; at least one of the symptoms is either
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. a drug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. hypothyroidism).

E. The symptoms are not better accounted for by Bereavement (loss of a loved one).

Brain imaging studies show a reduction in some types of serotonin receptors in the brain of unmedicated depressed patients.

All of the above

Amino Acid decarboxylase

Tryrosine

Dopamine βAhydroxylase

All of the above

mpaired serotonin function may be a “risk factor” leading to people being “vulnerable” to developing depression.

the serotonin building block

A lack of Tryptophan leads to reduced synthesis of serotonin

All of the above are correct

They reduce reuptake of transmitter from synaptic cleft. The breakdown enzyme is not enough to remove the excess.

Controversial to give to infants who are at risk of depression genetically, as it can affect the roles the nueromodulators play in the developing brains

ncreased levels of neurogenesis (birth of new brain cells) change or strengthen important mood related circuits in the brain. New evidence suggest SSRI’s could promote new brain cell growth treating past damage. May even be “neuroprotective”, protecting against future damage associated with depression

All of the above

Blocks the breakdown of Serotonin (blocks the enzyme)

Can lead to lethal levels of serotonin and other neurotransmitters if ingested orally after people eat foods with too much

Now used as a last resort under strict control of diet and other medications.

None of the above

the heritability of all traits will be high

the heritability of all traits will be zero;

heritability will of all traits will decrease throughout the lifespan;

heritability will be higher for physical traits than for behavioural traits.

Each of their offspring has a 50% chance of exhibiting the trait;

All daughters, but no sons, will exhibit the trait;

Each of their offspring has a 0% chance of exhibiting the trait.

All sons, but no daughters, will exhibit the trait;

statistical criteria are usually very stringent, to account for multiple testing;

gene expression levels are quantified using microarrays;

imputation can be used to estimate genotypes that were not measured directly

modern studies test upwards of 500 000 genetic variants across the genome

inversion;

copy number;

addition;

block substitution.

present only in individuals affected by the disorder;

responsive to the same drug therapies as the disorder;

likely to have a simpler genetic basis than the disorder;

all of the above

Manhattan plot;

karyotype map;

pedigree chart;

PET scan.

amygdala reactivity;

abnormal eye movements;

visual sensitivity;

heavy smoking.

forward-genetic studies;

reverse-genetic studies;

genome-wide association studies;

both (a) and (b).

The larger the response of neurons in the Locus Coeruleus (LC), the more NA released & and the longer the following period of inhibition. In highly arousing situations the chosen focus of attention/behaviour dominates more for longer .. “distracting” alternatives are inhibited.

Highest rates rapidly follow a transient noxious or extremely positive stimulus/event (lots of NA released).
4F’s (Fight, Flight, Freeze or F… Fornicate

State of Hyperarousal adapted for evolutionarily important situations where “individual” or “sexual fitness” is involved.

All of the above

was first observed in bacteria as a defence system against viruses;

contains RNA with the genetic code for the Cas9 protein;

uses the Cas9 protein to locate the desired DNA sequence;

all of the above.

ChR2 responds to blue light, while NpHR responds to yellow light;

activation of ChR2 suppresses neural firing, while NpHR induces neural firing;

ChR2 is more suited to CRISPR-Cas9, while NpHR is more suited to optogenetics;

all of the above.

Sympathetic nervous system (flight or fight)
Arousal / Vigilance

Anxiety
Exploitation vs Exploration

Reward / addiction
memory consolidation

All of the above

Noradrenaline acts to consolidate decisions.

inning desicion LARGER burst of NA release “tips the balance” in favor of the winner with MORE STRENGTH for the the neural pathway, supresses the others. Then the nuerons enter a brief refractory period

daptive behaviour represents a tradeoff between exploiting known sources of reward and exploring the environment for alternative sources of reward (food, water, sex etc).

All of the above

dilation accompanies a switches during perceptual rivalry

dilate when select an image when the image is salient

can also be used as an index of cognitive decisions

All of the above