A researcher reports that boys show more physical aggression than girls in free play. She is able to demonstrate consistency of results across time, situations, and observers. Therefore, her findings are:
Reliable
Valid
Proven
All of the above
A researcher uses looking preferences to assess categorisation abilities of babies who cannot yet speak. She is able to demonstrate that the measure she uses accurately reflects the variables that are under study. Therefore, her findings are:
A researcher measures children’s language development by administering questionnaires to parents. Possible problems?
Parental questionnaires are never valid.
Parental answers are seldom reliable.
Parental answers are not suitable for assessment of children’s verbal behaviour
May be inferior to measuring the behaviour directly.
A researcher measures children’s cognitive development by asking questions about a hypothetical situation. Possible problems?
Children may know something but be unable to explain it.
Different children may get different prompts, depending on their previous answers.
Experimenter may be biased in interpreting the answers.
All of the above.
A researcher measures play behaviour of a few children over a long period of time, in daily structured play sessions. Possible problems?
Children will get bored with this and underperform.
Results will be insufficient to draw valid conclusions
Results may not generalise to other children.
Say that we found that watching a lot of violence on TV is correlated with disruptive behaviours in children. What conclusions can be drawn from this?
TV violence may cause disruptive behaviour.
Parents of disruptive children allow them to watch more TV programmes
Disruptive children prefer to view programmes with violent contents.
None of the above is true.
All of the above could be true.
A researcher reported that 3-year-old children have longer attention span than 2-year-old children, as they remembered more pictures shown in a test. She used a cross-sectional design, and tested 25 children in each group.
Data are not valid or reliable.
Data are not generalisible to other 2- and 3-year-olds
Data cannot tell us about the development of individual children.
All of the above is true.
Recommended for women in general: up to 14-21 units / week, so up to 2-3 units per day is OK. How much is it safe to drink in pregnancy?
No drinking at all
One unit per day
Two units per day
Three units per day
Birth experience for babies is…
Quite stressful
Not very stressful at all
Very stressful
Torturous
For parents, especially the mother, is there a sensitive period for emotional bonding in first 6-12 hours after birth?
Yes – this is crucial for the full acceptance of a new baby.
No, there is no such thing as sensitive period.
It may be helpful but it is not necessary.
It may be helpful not to see the baby immediately, until mother is properly rested and hormones return to normal.
You show preschool children Manyard the Cat. Then, in front of them, you place a dog mask on the cat’s face. You ask the children, does he bark or meow? They will say
meow
bark
can do either as he chooses
neither
Genetic epistemology, Piaget's academic specialty, could be defined as the study of the:
child's social relations with others such as peers.
inheritance of developmental disability.
inheritance of behavioral habits.
development of knowledge.
In Piaget's theory, balance between the child's thoughts and the environment is called:
tertiary circular reaction.
phylogenetic scaffolding
early constructivism
cognitive equilibrium
Which of these is NOT among Piaget's four cognitive developmental stages?
Formal operations stage.
Pre-operational stage
Proximal zone stage
Sensorimotor stage
Object permanence refers to the understanding that:
● durable toys are preferred over those that break soon.
● existence continues even when something is out of sight.
● inanimate objects have the ability to "hide" actively.
● lost objects will always be located later.
Three-year-old Bethan gets scared when her mum dresses up in a dinosaur costume on Halloween. This child shows:
a phylogenetic development
assimilation and accommodation
lack of object (person) permanence
misunderstanding of the appearance/reality distinction.
Suppose we asked children to make drawings of all the life forms that might occur on another planet. According to Piaget, the most novel, creative ideas of life forms are likely to come from children at the:
sensorimotor stage of cognitive development
preoperational stage of cognitive development
concrete-operational stage of development
formal-operational stage of development
Roxanne is 4 ½ years old. She often talks out loud even when other people are not listening. This habit is:
unusual for boys but common for girls.
unusual for girls but common for boys
fairly common in all children her age but of no significance for her cognitive development.
fairly common in all children her age and helpful to her cognitive development
If he were alive today, Vygotsky would identify the calculator you have on your phone as a(n):
device for inner experimentation
tool of intellectual adaptation
zone of proximal development.
electronic scaffold
Which statement is LEAST applicable to Vygotsky's theory?
Cooperative interactions with skilled tutors are helpful.
Variations in cultural influences are acknowledged.
Developmental universals are sought and identified
Scaffolding assists the child with difficult tasks.
In the mirror self-recognition test, the parent covertly places a red spot on 1-year-old Gareth’s face. The child is then presented with a mirror. What is he most likely to do?
Deliberately ignore the red spot.
Stare at the red spot.
Touch their nose / wipe the red spot.
Interact with the mirror (kissing or touching it).
When do children start learning their native language?
● about 12 months old
● about 6 month old
● soon after birth
● before they are born
. Some language developmental researchers claim that 8-month old infants can out-perform older children on certain language tasks. why?
they are attention-, funds- and fame-seeking scientists
they are simply mistaken - other researchers disagree
there are large individual differences in development, some infants can be so advanced that they can outperform average preschoolers
this is actually true for all children in some aspects of comprehension
Which type of parenting produces the happiest, best-adjusted children?
● Authoritative (high D/C and high A/R)
● Authoritarian (high D/C and low A/R)
● Permissive (Low D/C and high A/R)
● Uninvolved (Low D/C and Low A/R)
Jo has bad temper which often leads to crying and shouting. Jo’s mum tries to avoid public embarrassment by giving in to Jo’s demands when they are out. This makes it more likely that this situation will happen again. This fits with a
parent effects model
child effects model.
transactional model.
universal model.
Girls are more likely than boys to show which kind of aggression?
● Hostile
● Instrumental
● Relational
● Bullying
Jo hits Linda while their mum is not looking and as Linda gets distracted grabs her toy. This is an instance of which kind of aggression?
A strong advantage of the longitudinal design is
that informed consent is not necessary.
its ability to discern amongst cohorts
that it follows development of individuals
that it protects from selective attrition
The long-term stability of children’s temperament is most properly studied
experimentally
cross-sectionally.
longitudinally
speculatively
Which of these is NOT among the five measurements that make up the APGAR test for neonates?
muscle tone
heart rate
reflex irritability
In recent decades, the age of viability has advanced earlier in the period of the fetus because of
the increasing rate of single parenthood.
the perfusion of toxic chemicals in food and water
better maternal nutrition
advances in medical technology
the increasing rate of single parenthood
better maternal nutrition.
advances in medical technology.
Reasoning by verbal analogy: MATERNITY BLUES are to POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION as __________ is to __________.
PRIMATE / HUMAN
POSITIVE / NEGATIVE
FATHER / MOTHER
MILD / INTENSE
When adults interpret emotions displayed by babies in their first months of life, they
are unreliable and inaccurate
do better with negative emotions than with positive.
do better with positive emotions than with negative
are highly accurate regardless of the type of emotion.
"Social referencing" refers to the child's ability to
categorise people or animals as good or bad
use the reactions of others to interpret an ambiguous stimulus or situation.
hide one's own true inner feelings
understand that others' feelings differ from your own
Which of these is NOT among the several methods for studying infants’ sensation / perception?
habituation / dishabituation
high-amplitude sucking
deferred imitation
evoked potentials
Sandra’s mum has no time to look into a mirror. Which flaws is 6-month-old Sandra LEAST likely to notice?
very smudged eye shadow
a big bruise on mum’s nose
a piece of pasta hanging off mum’s chin
a crow’s nest in mum’s hair
As little Benny masters object permanence, which behaviour represents the most advanced understanding?
passively waiting for an object to reappear
anticipating invisible displacements
making an A-not-B error
looking at another toy as the first one disappears from view
Ceri’s dad is upset and cries. Ceri gives her teddy to dad to hold, and tells dad he will feel better if he hugs that teddy. According to Piaget, Ceri is showing
egocentrism
decentered emotionality.
sympathetic empathetic concern
animism
Reasoning by verbal analogy, Piaget’s view is to Vygotsky’s view as is to
egocentrism / other’s viewpoint
adolescence / childhood
flexibility / rigidity
solitary / social
For Vygotsky, private speech is
meaningless babbling.
entirely silent and cannot be heard by others.
passive reporting on thoughts after they have happened.
self-talk that helps children to plan their thoughts
A basic definition of imitation is
doing an action after seeing it done.
repeating an action after getting reinforcement.
varying a response to achieve reinforcement
repeating an action
Generalised imitation, a higher-order skill investigated by researchers in Bangor and other behaviour analysts, denotes an
ability to copy actions
ability to copy a variety of actions
ability to copy a variety of novel actions
ability to copy a variety of novel actions without external reinforcement
A toddler is able to name many objects and events. He hears a familiar word /cat/. This makes him
look to find a cat.
try to pet the cat.
do neither 1 or 2 but may echo the word ‘cat’.
do both 1 and 2 – and he may echo the word ‘cat’.
The set of emotions that are closely tied to cognitive development, particularly self-recognition and an understanding of social norms is
interest, distress, disgust, and contentment.
anger, surprise, fear, and sadness.
embarrassment, shame, guilt, and pride
joy, happiness, frustration, and boredom.
Belinda is 8 months old. She turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches her pram in the supermarket. This reaction would
be unusual in a child at that age.
be evidence that Belinda was insecurely attached
be considered a typical response to a stranger for a child of that age (but not necessarily a universal response).
simply indicate that Belinda is tired or hungry.
Emotional attachments between parent and child
are the result of cultural effects of parenting in the Western countries.
vslowly rise from social interactions in the first months
emerge suddenly at birth, to the strongest level.
result from both persons' shared genetic relationship.
Mary Ainsworth's (1978) "Strange Situation”
identifies the child's level of visual imagination
provides training for the transition into foster care
measures the child's interest in novel unfamiliar items
assesses the child's attachment style
The two common fears of infancy, separation anxiety and stranger anxiety, reflect the baby's preference for
easy temperament.
familiarity.
social referencing.
learned helplessness
Training to improve the sensitivity of parents to their child’s needs
is doomed to fail because caregiving is genetically predetermined.
works and promotes secure attachment
is directed mainly to upper income parents
yields temporary gains that are lost within weeks.
Sam, age five, turns away from the TV that shows a report of an earthquake, where people are hurt. Sam is likely to be feeling
self-oriented distress
sympathetic empathetic arousal
a hostile attribution bias
Finnish school-based KiVa programme does NOT contain
an online game training emotion recognition.
classroom activities that teach children to be helpful bystanders
psychological counseling to make bullied children less vulnerable
parental educational materials
Bangor-made Food Dudes programmes are effective interventions that increase consumption of fruit and veg. They are usually delivered by
parents.
researchers
children
teachers
