Homozygous mutations of PAX6 in humans cause Aniridia
what is at the vegetal pole of xenopus oocytes
Veg-1
yolk
Most mRNA's
ribosomes
tRNA's
What is the cortical reaction?
a block to polyspermy in the sea urchin
The sperm penetrating through the egg membrane
Activation of the egg once sperm has enters
What is the correct order of the life cycle of embryo development to adult
zygote->cleavage->gastrulation-> neurulation ->organogenesis->metamorphosis->adult
zygote->cleavage->gastrulation-> organogenesis->neurulation->metamorphosis->adult
zygote->cleavage->gastrulation-> neurulation ->metamorphosis->organogenesis->adult
zygote->cleavage-> neurulation->gastrulation ->organogenesis->metamorphosis->adult
Which of the following apply the the PAX6 gene in drosophila
Paired gene
chromosome 11
Gap gene
chromosome 2
Genes can change activity during development
which of the following are cleavage patterns
Holoblastic
Meroblastic
Superlateral
All of these
Sperm entry to the egg triggers Mg2+ release which acts on cell cycle proteins and initiates cleavage
What does mesoderm give rise to?
Cartilage
Muscle
Bone
Dermis
Kidney
Blood
Gut tissue
epidermis
Nervous system
What does ectoderm turn into
Epidermis
C.elegans has no hedgehog signalling
Which of these apply to the mutagenesis technique?
Random gene is altered
specific gene is altered
Males treated with mutagen and crossed with wild-type females
Females treated with mutagen and crossed with wild-type males
recombinant DNA technology
Which of these apply to the transgenesis technique?
gain of function of gene
loss of function of gene
Which organisms is mutagenesis a suitable gene
Fly and zebrafish
worm, Fly and zebrafish
zebrafish
mouse, worm, Fly and zebrafish
commitment is not shown by a fate map
Regulative development is shown by models from the following scientists
Driesh- sea urchin
Roux- frog
Both of these
Which of the following applies to regulative development?
damage to cells early on in development does not result in a defective organism
damage to cells early on in development results in a defective organism
Cells determined early on
non-autonomous development
most type of development is mosaic
which of the following apply to the bicoid mRNA
highest concentration at posterior end
Maternal affect gene
transcription factor
mutant larva lack thoracic segments
The french flag model is a model for mosaic development
Which experiment(s) is used to demonstrate competence?
xenopus cap assay
Amphibian organiser
How many somites die in the C.elegans embryo
none
5
72
131
896
Which of the following are properties of an ideal marker?
non toxic
leaks so all cells have the marker
Inherited by all progeny of the labelled cells
visible at later stages
Which of the following are examples of markers
cytological markers
vital dyes
high molecular weight tracers
all of these
MyoD is sufficient and required for muscle development
Which term is this definition for? - over expression of transcription unit, it is a gain of function mutation
amorph
hypomorph
hypermorph
Antimorph
In the Brachyury gene in the mouse, a homozygous mutation results in?
short tail
embryonic lethal
which organism(s) are unsuitable for mutagenesis and a mutagenesis screen
frog and chick
chick
frog, chick and bacteria
frog, chick and mouse
Different mutations in the same gene is called and allelic series
In complementation testing, if two genes complement each other they ...
are alleles of the same gene, so lie in the same chromosome
do not lie in the same chromosome
what are epistasis experiments used for?
working out the order of gene action in a pathway
working out which genes are in a pathway
working out if mutations are on the same or different genes
working out the genotype of a mutant
The drosophila gene 'white' is required for the development of white eyes
which of the following are defects from kit and steel mutations?
Anaemia
coat pigmentation
There are two classes of segment polarity genes; hedgehog-like and patched-like. Which genes belong to the hedge-hog like?
Hh
Smo
Wg
The body plan along the embryo is controlled by Hox genes along the DV axis
which of the following maternal effect gene(s) are in the ventralised class?
Dorsal
Spatzle
Toll
cactus
what does local application of FGF4 after removal of AER results in..
no effect
limb development- radius and ulna fully developed but only partial digit development
limb development- but only partial development
limb development- Digits fully developed but radius and ulna only partially developed
Length of time spent in AER determines cell fate according to position over proximal distal axis.
In proneural clusters, one cells becomes a neuroblast (primary fate), whilst the other cells become the secondary fate which is..
epidemermis
neurons
fibroblasts
mesenchyme
The proneural cluster gives rise to a neuroblast through lateral inhibition of which receptor and ligand pair?
Kit and steel
Delta and Notch
FGF and FGFR
Delta and steel
Most forms of Anchondroplasia come from mutations in which FGF gene?
FGF2
FGF3
FGF4
FGF5