RES Lectures 11 - 13

The cartilages of the nose are paired: superiorly, two ❌ cartilages, and inferiorly, the two ❌ cartilages. The alar cartilages are ❌. These cartilages are all separated by a ❌ cartilage.

The pharynx is a muscular tube with three parts: Nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx. Nasopharynx (above the ❌ palate) serves only as an air passage. The ❌ and soft palate prevent food from entering the nasopharynx when swallowing. The mucosa on the posterior wall of the pharynx contains ❌ tissue—the ❌ tonsils (or adenoids).
The oropharynx extends from the soft palate to the ❌ and both food and air pass through it. It contains the ❌ tonsils.
The laryngopharynx, is the region below the epiglottis extending to the ❌, where the respiratory and digestive tracts ❌. During swallowing, food has ‘❌’ over air and breathing is paused.

The epithelium in passages that transport both air and food are lined with a ❌, squamous epithelium. This is to protect the throat from ❌ wear and tear.

The nasal cavity is lined with two types of mucosa: olfactory and ❌. The olfactory mucosa lines the slit-like opening ❌ of the nasal cavity, and contains ❌ receptors.

Incoming air is warmed by the vascular plexus, a bed of thin walled ❌. If the outside temperature drops then it is sensed and the vascular plexus ❌ to allow greater flow and intensify the heat transfer.

To accomodate for the ❌, which infringes mainly on the left lung, the left main bronchus is positioned more superiorly/at a different, more ❌ angle compared to the right main bronchus. This means that inhaled objects are more likely to fall down your ❌ main bronchus.

The intrapulmonary bronchi are the secondary and tertiary bronchi. The secondary bronchi go to the ❌, while the tertiary bronchi go to each ❌

The ❌ surfaces of the alveoli are covered in a fine network of pulmonary capillaries.
The alveolar walls and the capillary walls are joined by the ❌. Together, these structures make the ❌ or 'blood-air barrier'.

Serous glands secrete a watery fluid containing ❌. Every day a ❌ of fluid is secreted from mucous and serous glands to flush dust and debris out, and the lysozymes within the fluid attack ❌. ❌ which are natural antibiotic proteins are also secreted by epithelial cells.