Which of the following are risk factors for renal calculi?
Being male
Being of indigenous ethnicity
Diet rich in minerals
Poor fluid intake
Family history
Which of the following are factors required for the formation of renal calculi?
Urine salt super-saturation
Crystallization or agglomeration
Precipitation of salts
Crystal growth-inhibiting factors
Which of the following are 3 endogenous factors affecting calculi formation?
Humidity
Particle retention
Increased levels of DHT
Presence of matrix
Clinical manifestations of kidney stones include..
Incontinence, nausea, flank pain
Urgency, vomiting, pain in lower abdomen
Peristaltic contractions of the ureter, groin pain, back ache
All of the above
Select all of the treatment and prevention options:
Eat more pringles.
Increased fluid intake
Decreasing dietary fibre
Analgesics and antibiotics
Calculus removal by ultrasonic lithotripsy or surgery
