RUS L32 - 34

Which two hormones does the kidney produce?

The left kidney is more inferior.

At what spinal level does the ureter exit the kidney?

Choose the incorrect statement about the kidney.

A kidney lobe is a medullary pyramid and the cortical/renal columns on either side of it.

The pathway of urine drainage from the kidney begins at the [blank_start]papilla[blank_end], then to the [blank_start]minor[blank_end] calyx, the [blank_start]major[blank_end] calyces, the [blank_start]renal pelvis[blank_end], exits via the [blank_start]hilum[blank_end] and enters the [blank_start]ureter[blank_end] to reach the bladder.

Blood enters the kidney in the left or right [blank_start]renal artery[blank_end], which comes from the [blank_start]abdominal[blank_end] artery. From there it branches into the [blank_start]segmental[blank_end] arteries which branch into the [blank_start]lobar[blank_end] arteries to travel to the lobes. There it become the [blank_start]arcuate[blank_end] arteries, which lie in the cortex. [blank_start]Afferent[blank_end] arterioles travel into the glomerulus to the [blank_start]glomerular[blank_end] capillaries, and then blood exits in the [blank_start]efferent[blank_end] arterioles. It then goes into the [blank_start]peritubular[blank_end] capillaries, the interlobar vein, the segmental vein, and exits via the hilum in the right or left renal vein.

What nerve does the sympathetic nerve fibres of the renal plexus originate from?

Choose the correct statement.

The renal corpuscle is the [blank_start]glomerular[blank_end] capillaries and the Bowman's [blank_start]capsule[blank_end]. The Bowman's capsule's parietal layer is [blank_start]simple squamous[blank_end] epithelium while its visceral layer are specialised epithelial cells called [blank_start]podocytes[blank_end]. Between these layer's is the Bowman's space. It also contains [blank_start]mesangial[blank_end] cells which are regulatory. The podocytes are part of the filtration barrier and attach to the [blank_start]basement membrane[blank_end] that surrounds the glomerular capillaries. They have foot like processes called [blank_start]pedicels[blank_end] and inbetween are the [blank_start]filtration slits[blank_end] which small molecules can move through.

Which of these describes the proximal convoluted tubule?

Which part of the nephron has simple squamous epithelia, is permeable to water, but is impermeable to NaCl?

Select all the kinds of cells you would find in the collecting duct.

Reabsorption in the DCT is affected by ADH, while reabsorption in the CD is affected by aldosterone.

The juxtaglomerular apparatus senses and controls glomerular filtration rate and stabilises blood [blank_start]pressure[blank_end]. In the afferent arteriole there are [blank_start]juxtaglomerular cells[blank_end] which act as [blank_start]mechanoreceptors[blank_end]. They can release renin in response to [blank_start]low[blank_end] blood pressure. In the distal convoluted tubule there are [blank_start]macula densa[blank_end] which are [blank_start]chemoreceptors[blank_end] which sense the [blank_start]NaCl[blank_end] concentration, a good indication of GFR.

Transitional epithelium (stratified, rounded cells which flatten when stretched) is only found in the urinary tract.

Choose the correct answers.

Choose the incorrect statement about the bladder.

Select the features which define a bladder when empty?

The internal urinary sphinctre is at the junction of the [blank_start]bladder and the urethra[blank_end]. The detrusor muscle which controls it is stimulated by the [blank_start]parasympathetic nervous system[blank_end] and so is under [blank_start]involuntary[blank_end] control. The external urinary sphinctre is where the urethra passes through the [blank_start]urogenital diaphragm[blank_end] (pelvic floor). This is [blank_start]voluntarily[blank_end] controlled skeletal muscle.