14799359
Descrição
Quiz por Jennifer Khouw, atualizado more than 1 year ago
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Criado por Jennifer Khouw
aproximadamente 6 anos atrás
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Questão 1
Questão
Which are structural techniques?
Responda
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X-ray and CT
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MRI
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Contrast agents
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
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PET
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fMRI
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EEG
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MEG
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ECoG
Questão 2
Questão
Which are functional techniques?
Responda
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PET
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fMRI
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EEG
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MEG
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ECoG
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MRI
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CT
Questão 3
Questão
X-ray and CT techniques are great at showing:
Responda
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Blood vessels
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Different brain regions
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Ventricles
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Electrical activity
Questão 4
Questão
_________ ventricles could be due to tumour; _________ ventricles could be due to schizophrenia
Responda
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Shrunken; expanded
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Expanded; shrunken
Questão 5
Questão
Which technique measures proton densities?
Responda
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MRI
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Contrast agents
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PET
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Electrocorticography
Questão 6
Questão
What is the most common contrast agent?
Responda
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Gadolinium
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TM tomato
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Haemoglobin
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Phosphorescents
Questão 7
Questão
What is true of Diffusion Tensor Imaging?
Responda
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Shows fibre tracts
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Measures hydrogen densities
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Is a structural MRI technique
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Water molecules diffuse more easily through the cross-section of neurons than along the long axis
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Makes a lot of assumptions
Questão 8
Questão
Which technique involves the injection of a radioactive isotope?
Responda
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CT
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PET
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Electrocorticography
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MEG
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Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Questão 9
Questão
What are examples of radioactive isotopes?
Responda
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Oxygen
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Glucose
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Gadolinium
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Tm tomato
Questão 10
Questão
The brain takes about [blank_start]3[blank_end]% of the body's weight, but uses about [blank_start]20[blank_end]% of its nutrients
Responda
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3
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20
Questão 11
Questão
What is true of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF)?
Responda
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Active regions release Nitrous Oxide to local arterioles
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Nitrous Oxide released retroactively
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Causes arterioles to constrict
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Very slow change
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Causes change in ratio of de:oxygenated blood
Questão 12
Questão
Which techniques are based on the close association between vasculature and metabolism?
Responda
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fMRI
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PET
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EEG
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MEG
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Contrast agents
Questão 13
Questão
Which techniques measure electromagnetic fields generated by ionic current flow in active neurons?
Responda
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EEG
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MEG
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fMRI
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PET
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Contrast agents
Questão 14
Questão
Which techniques are invasive?
Responda
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MRI
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PET
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Electrocorticography
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EEG
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MEG
Questão 15
Questão
Which technique involves placing grids of electrodes directly on the surface of the brain?
Responda
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Single-unit recording
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Electrocorticography
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Diffusion tensor imaging
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Contrast X-ray angiography
Questão 16
Questão
When is Electrocorticography used?
Responda
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Localise epileptic foci
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Opportunistic research
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Avoid eloquent areas during surgery
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Research into language
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Patients with mild clinical problems
Questão 17
Questão
What does MEG measure?
Responda
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Strength of magnetic field
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Strength of electrical field
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Location of magnetic field
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Location of electrical field
Questão 18
Questão
What is contained in a "dewer" and used to keep the SQUID close to absolute zero?
Responda
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Liquid helium
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Nitrous oxide
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Dry ice
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Hydrogen
Questão 19
Questão
Why do MRI scans have to be done after MEG?
Responda
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Because MRI scans magnetize tissues for weeks
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Due to risk of overheating the machine
Questão 20
Questão
Which technique induces electrical current flow by producing strong magnetic fields?
Responda
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TMS
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TES
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TDS
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tDCS
Questão 21
Questão
Which technique delivers a small electrical current?
Responda
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TMS
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tCDS
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TES
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EEG
Questão 22
Questão
Which is true of children's Fusiform gyrus response to faces, compared to adults:
Responda
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Equally strong but later
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Weaker and later
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Stronger and earlier
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Children's fusiform gyrus does not respond to face stimuli
Questão 23
Questão
What is true of standard template brains?
Responda
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Normalise brains
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Allows statistical analyses on brain maps
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Is a standard size and shape
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Used for structural brain images
Questão 24
Questão
Which standard template brain is based on a single well-characterised brain?
Responda
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Talairach atlas
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MNI atlas
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Tesseract atlas
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Monoamine atlas
Questão 25
Questão
Which standard template brain is based on an average of hundreds of MRI scans?
Responda
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MNI atlas
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Talairach atlas
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Tesseract atlas
Questão 26
Questão
When is fMRI mostly used?
Responda
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Clinically
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Research
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Pre-surgical and radiotherapy planning
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Identify eloquent cortices
Questão 27
Questão
When is MEG usually used?
Responda
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Rarely in hospitals
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Localising epileptic foci
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Pre-surgery mapping of eloquent cortices
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Research
Questão 28
Questão
What is true of hippocampal theta oscillations?
Responda
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Very active in novel environments
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Ties together place cells
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Tuned to specific locations in an environment
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Different place cells fire at different phases of the theta oscillation
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Important for semantic memory
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Measured by EEG
Questão 29
Questão
Which regions make up the Default Mode Network?
Responda
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Cingulate
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Parietal
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Frontal
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Temporal
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Occipital
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Limbic
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Diencephalonic
Questão 30
Questão
Which techniques are based on machine-learning?
Responda
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Connectivity
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Decoding
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Connectomics
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Machine reading
Questão 31
Questão
What is true of Connectivity analysis?
Responda
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Based on graph theory
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Emphasises brain structures over brain networks
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Multi-voxel pattern analysis
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Based on machine-learning
Questão 32
Questão
What is true of Decoding techniques?
Responda
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Multi-voxel pattern analysis
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Analyses patterns of activity to complex stimuli
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Analyses patterns of activity to simple stimuli
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Based on graph theory
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Based on machine-learning
Questão 33
Questão
Why is the reproducibility crisis particularly acute in neuroimaging?
Responda
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Huge amount of data
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Increased possibilty of false positives
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Too expensive to have large samples
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Large researcher degrees of freedom
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Statistical double-dipping
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Results tend to have a large impact on society
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Pre-registration of hypotheses
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Data sharing
Questão 34
Questão
How has fMRI improved?
Responda
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Gone from 1.5 T to 7 T
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Better image stability
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Better signal:noise ratio
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Strongest magnets can reslve activity in different cortical layers
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Higher temporal resolution
Questão 35
Questão
How has MEG improved?
Responda
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Moving from SQUID to Optically Pumped Magnetometers
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Human Neocortical Neurosolver
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Dramatically improved data acquisition capabilities
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Strongest magnets can resolve activity in different cortical layers
Questão 36
Questão
What are Optically Pumped Magnetometers?
Responda
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Require liquid helium
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Sensors placed directly on scalp
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But reduced signal:noise ratio
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Uses computers to map underlying circuit-level activity
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Only one place in the world has them
Questão 37
Questão
Why isn't neuroimaging useful for psychiatric diagnosis?
Responda
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Low specificity
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High sensitivity
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High standardization
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Most psychiatric imaging studies are done on groups
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Different disorders have similar neural patterns
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DSM has much higher validity
Questão 38
Questão
Who said that we are currently not able to use brain imaging for psychiatric diagnoses, and may not ever be?
Responda
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Farah & Gillihan
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Aubertin & Bouillaud
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Flouren & Gerschwind
Questão 39
Questão
Aside from diagnosis, why might brain imaging be useful in psychiatry?
Responda
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Can suggest new treatments
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DBS came from identifying deep brain areas that are hypoactive in depression
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Quantifying and predicting treatment response
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Classifying syndromes based on neuroimaging profile
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Real-time neurofeedback may be a treatment in itself
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