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2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (Module 2)

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Module 2 EOT Exam Revision
Kathleen Jackson
Quiz por Kathleen Jackson, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Kathleen Jackson
Criado por Kathleen Jackson aproximadamente 6 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
What is a low level of arterial oxygen termed?
Responda
  • hypocapnia
  • hypoxaemia
  • normoxia
  • hypoxia

Questão 2

Questão
Central cyanosis:
Responda
  • is due to the formation of excess oxyhaemoglobin
  • describes bluing colouration in the lips and linings of the mouth
  • is a consequence of cyanide poisoning
  • all answers are correct

Questão 3

Questão
Blood is considered to be acidotic as soon as:
Responda
  • blood pH remains at 7.4, but signs of acidosis are otherwise evident
  • blood pH rises above 7.4
  • blood pH falls below 7.0
  • blood pH falls below 7.35

Questão 4

Questão
Orthopnoea is:
Responda
  • noisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi.
  • difficulty breathing when lying down.
  • waking up suddenly, coughing, and struggling for breath.
  • very deep, rapid respirations.

Questão 5

Questão
Digital clubbing is a sign of:
Responda
  • chronic hypocapnia
  • chronic hyperoxia
  • chronic hypoxia
  • chronic hypercapnia

Questão 6

Questão
A 65-year-old female with emphysema presents to the ED for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals bluish skin and mucous membranes. This condition is referred to as:
Responda
  • haemoptysis
  • hypothermia
  • cyanosis
  • haematemesis

Questão 7

Questão
A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia following a urinary tract infection. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. This condition is referred to as:
Responda
  • hyperpnoea
  • dyspnoea
  • orthopnoea
  • cyanosis

Questão 8

Questão
Reduced oxygenation of arterial blood is called:
Responda
  • hypoxaemia
  • ischaemia
  • hypoxia
  • hypocapnia

Questão 9

Questão
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea generally occurs with:
Responda
  • left ventricular failure
  • hypertension
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • asthma

Questão 10

Questão
A 30-year-old male is experiencing respiratory failure. Which of the following lab values would be expected?
Responda
  • low Pa O2
  • normal blood pH
  • low PaCO2
  • electrolyte imbalances

Questão 11

Questão
A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. Which of the following symptoms is most likely present?
Responda
  • respiratory stridor and barking cough
  • haemoptysis and mucus production
  • high fever and dry cough
  • drooling and snoring

Questão 12

Questão
A 30-year-old male prison inmate contracted tuberculosis during an outbreak. The organism that caused this condition is a:
Responda
  • fungus
  • bacterium
  • parasite
  • virus

Questão 13

Questão
A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. The most likely cause of this disease is:
Responda
  • acute hyperventilation
  • bacterial infection
  • viral infection
  • allergy

Questão 14

Questão
A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhoea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following is most likely causing her condition?
Responda
  • parainfluenza virus
  • respiratory syncytial virus
  • group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus
  • haemophilus B influenzae

Questão 15

Questão
This condition is an inflammatory response with extensive mucus production and submucosal oedema, resulting in widespread obstruction of bronchioles. It is of particular concern when present in infants.
Responda
  • bronchiolitis
  • tonsillitis
  • histoplasmosis
  • pneumonia

Questão 16

Questão
Pneumonia is caused by:
Responda
  • chronic lung changes seen with ageing
  • atelectasis
  • viral or bacterial infections
  • use of anaesthetic agents in surgery

Questão 17

Questão
What disease of the lungs is a contagious, airborne bacterial infection that causes fibrotic, calcified lesions that are visible on an X-ray?
Responda
  • legionellosis
  • tuberculosis
  • diphtheria
  • lobar pneumonia

Questão 18

Questão
This condition involves inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi; is also known as laryngotracheobronchitis; involves copious mucus secretion; has a distinctive barking cough; and is potentially dangerous in infants.
Responda
  • rhinitis
  • laryngeal pneumonia
  • croup
  • pertussis

Questão 19

Questão
A 50-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking was diagnosed with lung cancer. He was previously exposed to air pollution, asbestos and radiation at his job. Which of the following most likely had the greatest impact on development of his cancer?
Responda
  • radiation
  • cigarette smoke
  • asbestos
  • air pollution

Questão 20

Questão
Which type of lung cancer is most commonly associated with a history of smoking?
Responda
  • small cell carcinoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • mesothelioma
  • adenocarcinoma

Questão 21

Questão
Clinical manifestations of acute sinusitis usually include:
Responda
  • bad breath and sore throat
  • copious frothy sputum and dyspnoea
  • severe localized pain in the facial bone and tenderness in the face
  • serous nasal discharge and chronic cough

Questão 22

Questão
What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis?
Responda
  • Sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva
  • Hyperinflation of the chest and stridor
  • Hoarse voice and barking cough
  • Sneezing, mild cough, and fever

Questão 23

Questão
A nurse is providing care for an older, previously healthy adult male has been diagnosed with pneumococcal pneumonia. Which of the following signs and symptoms is the nurse most likely to encounter?
Responda
  • The patient will lack lung consolidation and will have little sputum production.
  • High fever and chills, productive cough, crackles progressing to absence of breath sounds in affected lobes.
  • Copious bloody sputum and diffuse chest pain and may lose his cough reflex.
  • Hypotensive and afebrile and may manifest cognitive changes.

Questão 24

Questão
What would be the most effective compensation for chronic respiratory acidosis?
Responda
  • The kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
  • The kidneys producing more lactic acid
  • The kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
  • The kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions

Questão 25

Questão
Which patient is most likely to have abnormalities in breathing regulation?
Responda
  • A 23-year-old male who has an injury to his frontal lobe following a sports injury
  • A 66-year-old male with temporal lobe infarcts secondary to a stroke
  • A 34-year-old male with damage to his upper and lower pons following a blow to the back of the head
  • A 45-year-old female with a spinal cord injury at C7 following a motor vehicle accident

Questão 26

Questão
The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
Responda
  • damage of lung tissue due to smoking
  • emphysema
  • bacterial infection
  • cancer tumour

Questão 27

Questão
A 50-year-old male with diabetes did not take his medication and is now in metabolic acidosis. He is experiencing Kussmaul respirations that can be characterised by:
Responda
  • very slow inhalations and rapid expirations.
  • rapid respirations with periods of apnoea.
  • an increased ventilatory rate, large tidal volumes and no expiratory pause.
  • audible wheezing or stridor.

Questão 28

Questão
Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia?
Responda
  • Opportunistic bacteria causing low-grade fever with cough and thick greenish sputum
  • Viral infection causing nonproductive cough and pleuritic pain
  • Insidious onset, diffuse interstitial infection
  • Sudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum

Questão 29

Questão
What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis?
Responda
  • Copious purulent sputum, particularly in the morning.
  • Serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing.
  • Harsh barking cough and wheezing.
  • Purulent nasal discharge and periorbital pain.

Questão 30

Questão
Anxiety-provoked hyperventilation will:
Responda
  • increase PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to a similar extent
  • decrease PCO2 quite markedly, and increase PO2 to small extent
  • increase PO2 significantly, and increase PCO2 slightly
  • will not affect PCO2 but will increase PO2 significantly

Questão 31

Questão
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain. An arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide levels. Which of the following is the most likely cause?
Responda
  • hypoventilation
  • hyperventilation
  • pain neurons producing bicarbonate buffer
  • apnoea

Questão 32

Questão
Changes in PCO2 tend to affect the pH of blood.
Responda
  • False, blood pH is largely unaffected by PCO2.
  • True, and decreases in PCO2 tend to decrease pH.
  • True, and increases in PCO2 tend to decrease blood pH.
  • True, and increases in PCO2 tend to increase pH.

Questão 33

Questão
Obstruction in the upper airway is usually indicated by:
Responda
  • rales
  • wheezing
  • stridor
  • orthopnoea

Questão 34

Questão
A 28-year-old male complains to his GP that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions. This condition is referred to as:
Responda
  • haematemesis.
  • haemoptysis.
  • cyanosis.
  • rhinitis.

Questão 35

Questão
How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia?
Responda
  • Oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion
  • Acidosis depresses respirations
  • Too painful to breath
  • Inflammatory exudate absorbs oxygen from the alveolar air

Questão 36

Questão
A 20-year-old male presents to his GP complaining of shortness of breath when lying down. This condition is referred to as:
Responda
  • dyspnoea on exertion.
  • orthostatic tachypnoea.
  • orthopnoea.
  • sleep apnoea.

Questão 37

Questão
A pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital is considered
Responda
  • hospital-acquired pneumonia.
  • health care–associated.
  • viral pneumonia.
  • community-acquired pneumonia.

Questão 38

Questão
What would hypercapnia cause?
Responda
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • Decreased respirations
  • Decreased carbonic acid in the blood
  • Increased blood Ph

Questão 39

Questão
Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:
Responda
  • rhonchi
  • wheezing
  • rales
  • stridor

Questão 40

Questão
The extrinsic form of asthma is characterised by:
Responda
  • the release of chemical mediators from immune cells in lung tissue
  • an autonomic nervous system imbalance
  • the dominance of the parasympathetic stimulation of the airways
  • a tendency to develop in older individuals

Questão 41

Questão
Which one of the following antiasthma agents acts directly on intracellular cAMP levels?
Responda
  • Methylxanthines
  • β agonists
  • Leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Muscarinic antagonists

Questão 42

Questão
A 13-year-old female is diagnosed with asthma. Which of the following should she recognise as part of an asthmatic attack?
Responda
  • bradycardia
  • headache
  • chest pain
  • wheezing

Questão 43

Questão
Asthma is thought to be caused by:
Responda
  • an autosomal recessive trait.
  • excessive use of antibiotics as a young child.
  • interactions between genetic and environmental factors.
  • autoimmunity.

Questão 44

Questão
In asthma, _____ is (are) reduced.
Responda
  • dead space
  • expiratory flow rates
  • lung volumes
  • air trapping

Questão 45

Questão
A 52-year-old female presents with chronic bronchitis. Tests reveal closure of the airway during expiration. This condition is most likely caused by:
Responda
  • thinning smooth muscle in the bronchioles
  • hyperventilation
  • ventilation-perfusion mismatch
  • thick mucus from hypertrophied glands

Questão 46

Questão
Individuals with a recent diagnosis of emphysema most often present with:
Responda
  • dyspnoea
  • cyanosis
  • cor pulmonale
  • a productive cough

Questão 47

Questão
A 53-year-old male with a 20-year history of smoking is diagnosed with emphysema. His airways are obstructed because of:
Responda
  • infection and inflammation
  • airway oedema
  • excessive mucous production
  • loss of elastic recoil

Questão 48

Questão
A 60-year-old female with emphysema is having difficulty expiring a given volume of air. She is most likely experiencing _____ pulmonary disease.
Responda
  • restrictive
  • pleuritic
  • atelectatic
  • obstructive

Questão 49

Questão
A 45-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months’ duration. Which of the following is most likely to cause this condition?
Responda
  • cigarette smoke
  • chronic asthma
  • air pollution
  • recurrent pneumonia

Questão 50

Questão
Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
Responda
  • Forced expiration
  • Quiet expiration
  • Quiet inspiration
  • Forced inspiration

Questão 51

Questão
Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
Responda
  • Drugs that block b2-adrenergic receptors
  • Noradrenaline
  • Histamine
  • Parasympathetic nervous system

Questão 52

Questão
What is the pathophysiology of an acute attack of extrinsic asthma?
Responda
  • Hyporesponsive mucosa
  • Continuous severe attacks unresponsive to medication
  • A hypersensitivity reaction involving release of chemical mediators
  • Gradual degeneration and fibrosis

Questão 53

Questão
Which of the following is typical of progressive emphysema?
Responda
  • Tidal volume increases.
  • Forced expiratory volume increases.
  • Residual lung volume increases.
  • Vital capacity increases.

Questão 54

Questão
Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a/an:
Responda
  • chromosomal defect.
  • X-linked recessive gene.
  • autosomal dominant gene.
  • autosomal recessive gene.

Questão 55

Questão
Infant respiratory distress syndrome is initiated by:
Responda
  • excessive production of mucus and elastic tissue
  • insufficient production of mucus and elastic tissue
  • excessive production of surfactant
  • insufficient production of surfactant

Questão 56

Questão
An iatrogenic cause of pulmonary oedema is:
Responda
  • left sided heart failure
  • trauma resulting in pulmonary bleeding
  • incorrect insertion of nasogastric feeding tube
  • kidney failure

Questão 57

Questão
The term atelectasis describes:
Responda
  • fibrotic restriction on lung expansion
  • over inflation of the lungs
  • dilation of bronchi, but not of alveoli
  • partial or complete collapse of a lung

Questão 58

Questão
These inhaled particles are not able to be removal via phagocytosis, an are able to penetrate the alveolar wall. Prolonged exposure may lead to mesothelioma.
Responda
  • asbestos fibres
  • coal dust particles
  • silicate particles
  • all answers are correct

Questão 59

Questão
Restrictive lung disorders may be divided into two groups based on:
Responda
  • patient history of obesity and exposure to other COPD.
  • previous lung disease and cardiovascular disorders.
  • anatomical abnormality and lung disease damage, impairing expansion.
  • smoking history and congenital defects.

Questão 60

Questão
Which of the following is a manifestation of a simple closed pneumothorax?
Responda
  • Asymmetrical chest movements
  • Tracheal deviation toward the unaffected lung
  • Increased breath sounds on the affected side
  • Decreased respiratory rate

Questão 61

Questão
What is caused by frequent inhalation of irritating particles such as silica?
Responda
  • Frequent bronchospasm
  • Fibrosis and loss of compliance
  • Distorted shape of the thorax
  • Increased number of mucus-producing glands

Questão 62

Questão
Pulmonary oedema causes severe hypoxia because of:
Responda
  • interference with expansion of the lungs
  • decreased diffusion of carbon dioxide from the alveoli
  • decreased recoil of lungs and ineffective expiration
  • constant cough and haemoptysis

Questão 63

Questão
A COPD patient asks what medications are prescribed to help his breathing.
Responda
  • Atenolol, a beta-blocker
  • Salbutemol, a bronchodilator
  • Alprazolam, a benzodiazepine
  • Sildenafil, a vasodilator

Questão 64

Questão
Which of the following residents of a long-term care facility is most likely to be exhibiting the signs and symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Responda
  • An 81-year-old male who has a productive cough and recurrent respiratory infections
  • A 79-year-old lifetime smoker who is complaining of shortness of breath and pain on deep inspiration
  • An 81-year-old smoker who has increased exercise intolerance, a fever, and increased white blood cells
  • An 88-year-old female who experiences acute shortness of breath and airway constriction when exposed to tobacco smoke

Questão 65

Questão
The primary pathophysiological problem faced by sufferers of emphysema is:
Responda
  • bronchoconstriction
  • lack of expiratory recoil
  • inability to draw sufficient air into the upper airways
  • occlusion due to excessive mucus production

Questão 66

Questão
Which of the following should not be applied, or advised, to someone suffering chronic bronchitis?
Responda
  • keep well hydrated
  • cough suppressant
  • bronchodilator
  • mucolytic agents

Questão 67

Questão
A patient is in an urgent care center with an acute asthma attack, which medication will be used for initial treatment?
Responda
  • An anticholinergic such as ipratropium
  • A short-acting beta2 agonist
  • A corticosteroid
  • A long-acting beta2 agonist

Questão 68

Questão
A group of common chronic respiratory disorders characterized by tissue degeneration and respiratory obstruction is called:
Responda
  • Mesothelioma
  • COPD
  • CF
  • Pulmonary fibrosis

Questão 69

Questão
All of the following are expected with infant respiratory distress syndrome EXCEPT:
Responda
  • fluid and protein in the alveoli
  • pulmonary vasoconstriction
  • severe hypoxia
  • respiratory alkalosis

Questão 70

Questão
________ describes any parenchymal lung disease caused by inhalation of inorganic dusts.
Responda
  • Pneumonia
  • Infant Respiratory Distress syndrome
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Hypersensitive pneumonitis

Questão 71

Questão
Which of the following clinical findings would be most closely associated with a client who has interstitial lung disease in comparison to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
Responda
  • Increased FVC
  • Reduced FEV1/FVC
  • Decreased total lung capacity
  • Reduced expiratory flow rates

Questão 72

Questão
Transudative pleural effusion arises because of:
Responda
  • constriction of bronchial airways
  • decreased levels of proteins in blood
  • decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • all answers are correct

Questão 73

Questão
Cystic fibrosis, as manifested in the lungs, is characterised by:
Responda
  • hyperplasia of smooth muscle cells
  • presence of abnormally viscous mucus
  • an abnormal fibrotic response
  • production of copious watery mucus

Questão 74

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a cause of pulmonary oedema?
Responda
  • Hyperproteinemia
  • Left-sided congestive heart failure
  • Inhalation of toxic gases
  • Excessive blood volume (overload)

Questão 75

Questão
Which statement does NOT apply to emphysema?
Responda
  • The surface area available for gas exchange is greatly reduced.
  • A genetic defect may lead to breakdown of elastic fibers.
  • Expiration is impaired.
  • The ventilation/perfusion ratio remains constant.

Questão 76

Questão
During an acute asthma attack, how does respiratory obstruction occur? 1. Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle 2. Edema of the mucosa 3. Increased secretion of thick, tenacious mucus 4. Contraction of elastic fibers
Responda
  • 1, 2
  • 1, 3
  • 2, 3
  • 2, 4

Questão 77

Questão
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is associated with:
Responda
  • asthma
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
  • chronic bronchitis

Questão 78

Questão
Why does asthma result in fluid accumulation in the pulmonary interstitium?
Responda
  • because of pulmonary artery hypotension.
  • because of increased capillary permeability.
  • because of increased, internal mucous secretion.
  • None of the above; fluid may accumulate within the lumen of the airways, but it does not accumulate in the lung interstitium.

Questão 79

Questão
A patient is admitted for a relapse for sarcoidosis. Knowing this is usually caused by an inflammatory process, the nurse can anticipate administering.
Responda
  • a corticosteroid.
  • an salmeterol inhaler.
  • aspirin.
  • a bronchodilator.

Questão 80

Questão
Which of the following statements best captures the etiology of the acute response phase of extrinsic (atopic) asthma?
Responda
  • Chemical mediators are released from presensitized mast cells.
  • IgG production is heightened as a consequence of exposure to an allergen.
  • Epithelial injury and edema occur along with changes in mucociliary function.
  • Airway remodeling results in airflow limitations.

Questão 81

Questão
What is the cause of chronic bronchitis?
Responda
  • Deficit of enzymes, preventing tissue degeneration.
  • Hypersensitivity to parasympathetic stimulation in the bronchi.
  • Chronic irritation, inflammation, and recurrent infection of the larger airways.
  • A genetic defect causing excessive production of mucus.

Questão 82

Questão
Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is a typical change in:
Responda
  • cystic fibrosis.
  • emphysema.
  • acute asthma.
  • chronic bronchitis.

Questão 83

Questão
With a tension pneumothorax, which factors contribute to severe hypoxia?
Responda
  • More air leaving the pleural cavity on expiration than entering with inspiration.
  • Shift of the mediastinal contents toward the affected lung.
  • Decreasing compression of the inferior vena cava.
  • Continually increasing pressure on the unaffected lung.

Questão 84

Questão
Hypertrophy of goblet cells, decreased activity of the mucociliary escalator, and cor pulmonale, are most likely to occur in:
Responda
  • acute bronchitis
  • chronic bronchitis
  • asthma
  • early stage emphysema

Questão 85

Questão
Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease?
Responda
  • Demands on the left ventricle are excessive.
  • Pulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular resistance.
  • Blood viscosity is increased, adding to cardiac workload.
  • The right ventricle pumps more blood than the left ventricle.

Questão 86

Questão
Loss of interstitial elasticity in the lungs is a hallmark of:
Responda
  • emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
  • asthma
  • all of the above

Questão 87

Questão
Which of the following is typical of chronic bronchitis?
Responda
  • Decreased activity of the mucous glands
  • Overinflation of bronchioles
  • Air trapping by excessive mucus plugs
  • Formation of blebs or bullae on the lung surface

Questão 88

Questão
A physician is providing care for a child who has a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). Place the following pathphysiological events of CF in chronological order. 1) Airway obstruction 2) Recurrent pulmonary infections 3) Impaired Cl transport 4) Decreased water content of mucociliary blanket 5) Increased Na+ absorption
Responda
  • 1,4,3,5,2
  • 5,3,4,1,2
  • 3,5,4,1,2
  • 3,4,5,1,2

Questão 89

Questão
What causes the expanded anteroposterior (A-P) thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema?
Responda
  • Dilated bronchi and increased mucous secretions
  • Recurrent damage to lung tissues
  • Air trapping and hyperinflation
  • Persistent coughing to remove mucus

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