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Semester 1 NMS Quiz

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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
In most cases in the sympathetic nervous system, Acetylcholine is the pre-ganglionic neurotransmitter and Noradrenaline is the post-ganglionic neurotransmitter.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 2

Questão
Pre-ganglionic neurones are longer in the sympathetic nervous system when compared to the parasympathetic nervous system.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 3

Questão
What unique features does the sympathetic nervous system contain that is absent in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Responda
  • Sympathetic chain
  • Unmyelinated neurones
  • Plexuses

Questão 4

Questão
The motor components of the somatic nervous system contain pre and post ganglionic components after exit from the spinal cord.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 5

Questão
Acetylcholine causes the adrenal medulla to secrete what substance? What is this type of interaction known as?
Responda
  • Adrenaline
  • VIP
  • Nitric Oxide
  • Neuro-endocrine interface
  • Endocrine interface
  • Autonomic interface

Questão 6

Questão
What is the main neurotransmitter at post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres?
Responda
  • Glutamate
  • Noradrenaline
  • Acetylcholine
  • VIP

Questão 7

Questão
Anticholinesterases are useful in treating myasthenia gravis. Why?
Responda
  • They prolong the time that acetylcholine is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing acetylcholine to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.
  • They prolong the time that noradrenaline is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing noradrenaline to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.
  • They decrease the time that acetylcholine is present in the synaptic cleft and increases its number, thereby allowing acetylcholine to outcompete with antibodies for the binding site and allow normal contractions to occur, relieving the symptoms of M.G.

Questão 8

Questão
Which are examples of non-depolarising blockers?
Responda
  • Tubocurarine
  • Pancuronium
  • Suxamethonium
  • Hexamethonium

Questão 9

Questão
What is an example of a depolarising neuromuscular blocker?
Responda
  • Suxamethonium
  • Tubocurarine
  • Pancuronium
  • Hexamethonium

Questão 10

Questão
What is an example of a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic receptors?
Responda
  • Hexamethonium
  • Suxamethonium
  • Tubocurarine
  • Pancuronium

Questão 11

Questão
What is an example of a muscarinic receptor antagonist?
Responda
  • Atropine
  • Tropicamide
  • Acetylcholine
  • Pilocarpine

Questão 12

Questão
The myenteric plexus is located between which two layers of the GI tract?
Responda
  • Circular muscle
  • Longitudinal muscle
  • Submucosa
  • Mucosa

Questão 13

Questão
The submucosal plexus is located between which two layers?
Responda
  • Submucosa
  • Circular muscle
  • Longitudinal muscle
  • Mucosa

Questão 14

Questão
The myenteric plexus is present throughout the GI tract
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 15

Questão
In general, the submucosal plexus controls muscular activity.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 16

Questão
What is the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?
Responda
  • Proteases cleave the SNARE complex that mediates exocytosis of neurotransmitter
  • Competitive antagonist at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
  • Non-competitive antagonist at the nicotonic acetylcholine receptor
  • Depolarising blocker of the neuromuscular junction

Questão 17

Questão
Anticholinesterases exhibit suxamethonium-like properties when used in excess.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 18

Questão
Why does calcium aid in synaptic transmission?
Responda
  • Calcium causes a conformational change in synaptotagmin which causes acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
  • Calcium causes a conformational change in ryanodine which causes acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.

Questão 19

Questão
If the end plate potential in a muscle cell exceeds threshold, what happens?
Responda
  • Muscle contraction
  • Action potential produced
  • Release of acetylcholine by exocytosis

Questão 20

Questão
When an action potential travels along a T-tubule to a muscle triad, what series of events occur?
Responda
  • Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of ryanodine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
  • Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
  • Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DNP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of synaptotagmin from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.
  • Action potential causes conformational shape change of the DHP receptor. This receptor then causes unplugging of ryanodine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. This causes mass efflux of sodium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsequent triggering of contraction.

Questão 21

Questão
What regulatory proteins does actin have associated with it?
Responda
  • Tropomyosin
  • Troponin
  • Tropocollagen
  • Tropoelastin

Questão 22

Questão
What is the role of calcium in muscle fibres?
Responda
  • To bind to troponin, causing a conformational change which exposes myosin head binding sites.
  • To bind to tropomyosin, causing a conformational change which exposes myosin head binding sites.
  • To bind to tropomyosin, causing a conformational change which exposes actin head binding sites.
  • To bind to troponin, causing a conformational change which exposes actin head binding sites.

Questão 23

Questão
Which is longer, the action potential or muscle contraction?
Responda
  • Action potential
  • Muscle contraction

Questão 24

Questão
What are the 3 energy systems of muscle contraction?
Responda
  • Phosphocreatine
  • Lactic acid
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Substrate level phosphorylation
  • Hyaluronic acid
  • Glucuronic acid

Questão 25

Questão
Muscle contraction occurs in which order?
Responda
  • Cross-bridge attachment -> Power stroke, hydrolysing ATP via the ATPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of ATP which breaks cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of ATP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat
  • Cross-bridge attachment -> Power stroke, hydrolysing GTP via the GTPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of GTP which breaks cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of GTP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat
  • Cross-bridge detachment-> Power stroke, hydrolysing ATP via the ATPase capacity of the myosin head -> binding of ATP which causes cross-bridge attachment -> hydrolysis of ATP which recocks the myosin head to its original position -> repeat

Questão 26

Questão
Do slow twitch fibres or fast twitch fibres produce greater force?
Responda
  • Slow twitch
  • Fast twitch

Questão 27

Questão
Which type of muscle fibre generally fatigues quicker?
Responda
  • Fast twitch
  • Slow twitch

Questão 28

Questão
The spinal cord exists from?
Responda
  • C1 -> L2
  • C1 -> L1
  • C1 -> T10
  • C1 -> S3

Questão 29

Questão
How many spinal nerves are there, and how many are there for each section of the spinal cord?
Responda
  • 31 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
  • 31 - 6 cervical, 12 thoracic, 6 lumbar, 6 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
  • 30 - 7 cervical, 14 thoracic, 3 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair
  • 27 - 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal pair

Questão 30

Questão
Why do the first 7 cervical nerves begin above the cervical vertebrae but the thoracic spinal nerves begin below the thoracic sections of the spinal cord?
Responda
  • There are 8 cervical spinal nerves but only 7 cervical vertebrae therefore the thoracic spinal nerves are 'displaced' and run below each thoracic vertebrae piece.
  • There are 6 cervical spinal nerves and 7 cervical vertebrae so the thoracic spinal nerves are 'displaced' and run below each thoracic vertebrae piece.

Questão 31

Questão
The meninges of the nervous system run in what order from inside to outside?
Responda
  • PAD
  • DAP
  • PDA
  • DPA

Questão 32

Questão
What is a dermatome?
Responda
  • An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation

Questão 33

Questão
What is a myotome?
Responda
  • An area of muscle with single spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of muscle with dual spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of skin with single spinal nerve innervation
  • An area of skin with dual spinal nerve innervation

Questão 34

Questão
Conditions such as shingles do not show the usefulness of dermatomes.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 35

Questão
Sulci are the depressions in the brain structure.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 36

Questão
Gyri are the ridges in the brain.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 37

Questão
Upper motor neurones are found where?
Responda
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord

Questão 38

Questão
In the context of motor units, a graded force describes what?
Responda
  • The amount of motor unit recruitment needed. If it is a large force then fast-twitch elements are recruited. If it is a small force then slow-twitch elements are recruited.
  • The amount of motor unit recruitment needed. If it is a small force then fast-twitch elements are recruited. If it is a large force then slow-twitch elements are recruited.

Questão 39

Questão
Recruitment of motor units describes what?
Responda
  • The number of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
  • The frequency of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
  • The number of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
  • The frequency of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.

Questão 40

Questão
Rate coding describes what?
Responda
  • The frequency of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
  • The number of motor units firing, specifically an increase.
  • The frequency of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.
  • The number of motor units firing, specifically a decrease.

Questão 41

Questão
Contractile force is proportional to what?
Responda
  • Cross-bridge number
  • Force produced by cross-bridges
  • Velocity produced by cross-bridges
  • Number of ATP molecules
  • Force produced by Troponin conformation change
  • Force produced by Tropomyosin conformation change

Questão 42

Questão
Slow-twitch fibres produce less force but over a longer period of time. Fast-twitch fibres produce more force but over a shorter period of time.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 43

Questão
Neurogenic and Myopathic motor unit diseases have what common symptoms?
Responda
  • Weakness
  • Wasting
  • Muscle mass increase
  • Absence of fasciculations

Questão 44

Questão
ALS affects what part of the motor neuron?
Responda
  • Cell body
  • Axon

Questão 45

Questão
Peripheral neuropathies typically affect which part of the motor neuron?
Responda
  • Cell body
  • Axon

Questão 46

Questão
What is responsible for DMD?
Responda
  • A fault in dystrophin - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane
  • A fault in collagen - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane
  • A fault in elastin - a vital part of a protein complex that anchors the cytoskeleton of a muscle fibre to the ECM through the cell membrane

Questão 47

Questão
What plasma indicator shows signs of DMD muscle damage?
Responda
  • High creatine kinase levels in the serum - should be only intracellular.
  • Low creatine kinase levels in the serum - should be only intravascular.
  • High plasma protein binding
  • Low plasma protein binding

Questão 48

Questão
Dermatomyositis is a condition characterised by what?
Responda
  • Inflammation and visible rashes, with atrophy of muscle fibres.
  • Inflammation and visible rashes, with hypertrophy of muscle fibres.

Questão 49

Questão
Efficacy of a drug means?
Responda
  • The ability of a drug to produce a response
  • The likelihood of a drug binding to a receptor
  • The mechanism by which the drug acts
  • The permeability of the drug to the plasma membrane

Questão 50

Questão
What is meant by an inverse agonist?
Responda
  • A drug that decreases activity of the agonist and produces the opposite response to the agonist.
  • A drug that produces the same response as the agonist but with higher efficacy.

Questão 51

Questão
What is meant by allosteric inhibition? What is an example and it's subsequent mechanism?
Responda
  • Binding of a drug to a site other than the agonist binding site.
  • Binding of a drug to the same site as the agonist binding site.
  • Benzodiazepam - binds to an alternative site on GABA receptors. This causes a conformational change and creates higher affinity for GABA to bind to the receptor. This therefore increases the inhibitory effect that GABA provides, making users feel drowsy.
  • Benzodiazepam - binds to an alternative site on GABA receptors. This causes a conformational change and creates lower affinity for GABA to bind to the receptor. This therefore decreases the inhibitory effect that GABA provides, making users feel more alert.

Questão 52

Questão
The body can become desensitised to drugs. For example intake of tobacco which contains nicotine can cause inactivation of nAchR in very high doses.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 53

Questão
RMP is primarily maintained at -65mV to -70mV by?
Responda
  • The permeability of the membrane to potassium ions
  • Na+/K+ ATPase
  • The permeability of the membrane to sodium ions
  • None of the options

Questão 54

Questão
An action potential can be initiated in the absolute refractory period.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 55

Questão
An action potential can be initiated in the relative refractory period.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 56

Questão
Myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 57

Questão
The 'feet' of motor proteins possess what property that allows them to 'walk' along the cytoskeleton?
Responda
  • ATPase activity
  • GTPase activity
  • ATP supply

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