18571400
Questão 1
Questão
Which of the following terms is NOT one of the known types of tissue-polarization due to
application of an external electric current?
Responda
-
a) electronic polarization;
-
b) electrode polarization;
-
c) electret polarization.
Questão 2
Questão
How many different types of polarization in living tissue can be accounted for?
Responda
-
a) two;
-
b) nine;
-
c) six.
Questão 3
Questão
Which of the following tissue-polarization types has the longest time constant?
Responda
-
a) electrode polarization;
-
b) dipole polarization;
-
c) macrostructural polarization.
Questão 4
Questão
Which of the following types of polarization takes place 10-16 s after the application of external
current through the tissue?
Responda
-
a) electronic;
-
b) ionic;
-
c) superficial.
Questão 5
Questão
Choose the correct relationship between the frequency of alternating current (AC) and the
number of different types of polarizations that take place in the tissue:
Responda
-
a) higher frequency → higher number of polarizations;
-
b) lower frequency → higher number of polarizations;
-
c) lower frequency → lower number of polarizations.
Questão 6
Questão
What happens to the current passing through living tissue, when a constant DC voltage is applied
across?
Responda
-
a) current increases continuously;
-
b) current decreases exponentially;
-
c) current remains constant.
Questão 7
Questão
What causes the decrease of the DC current passing through living tissue?
c
Responda
-
a) generation of polarization potential, opposing the external voltage;
-
b) increase of the internal resistance of the tissue;
-
) the leakage of charge out of the tissue.
Questão 8
Questão
What is the path of the electric current through the body of patient who is subjected to
galvanization?
Responda
-
a) through the cytosol;
-
b) through the interstitial spaces;
-
c) through cellular membranes, via nexus junctions between cells.
Questão 9
Questão
What type of polarization occurs in the double electric layers surrounding cells, suspended in
ionic solution, when constant electric field is applied?
Responda
-
a) surface polarization;
-
b) macrostructural polarization;
-
c) orientational polarization.
Questão 10
Questão
Which of the following types of polarization occur within the cell volume, due to the application of
a constant electric field?
Responda
-
a) superficial polarization;
-
b) macrostructural polarization;
-
c) electrode polarization.
Questão 11
Questão
What type of impedance to the propagation of electric current is found in living tissues?
Responda
-
a) resistive and capacitive;
-
b) resistive and inductive;
-
c) capacitive and inductive.
Questão 12
Questão
What is the predominant type of electrical impedance in cellular fluids?
Responda
-
a) resistive, because cellular fluids are rich in electrolytes;
-
b) capacitive, because cellular fluids have sub-structures;
-
c) inductive, because there are inductive currents in the fluids.
Questão 13
Questão
What causes the capacitive properties of biological tissue?
Responda
-
a) extra- and intra-cellular fluids;
-
b) cellular and intra-cellular membranes;
-
c) the free movement of ions.
Questão 14
Questão
The neuromuscular junction (myoneural synapse) is:
Responda
-
a) a type of action potential;
-
b) the location where a neuronal excitation is transferred to a muscle;
-
c) the structure that opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Questão 15
Questão
In which of the following practices uses electro-muscular stimulation?
Responda
-
a) echography;
-
b) physical therapy;
-
c) electrophoresis.
Questão 16
Questão
When direct current (DC) is applied through biological tissue:
Responda
-
a) there is polarization of dissolved ions;
-
b) the conductivity of the cell increases due to temperature increase;
-
c) the current will decrease with time.
Questão 17
Questão
When pulsed current is applied through biological tissue:
Responda
-
a) there will be polarization of the ion channels;
-
b) the conductivity of the cell increases due heating;
-
c) the current decreases with time.
Questão 18
Questão
When very high frequency alternating current (AC) is applied through biological tissue:
Responda
-
a) there is a polarization of the ion channels;
-
b) there is a heating effect;
-
c) there is a decrease of the current due to accommodation.
Questão 19
Questão
Which of the following is related to dipole polarization?
Responda
-
a) the reorientation of mostly water molecules due an external field;
-
b) the conversion of the double electric layer into directional dipoles;
-
c) the formation of dipole moment due to the external field.
Questão 20
Questão
Dipole polarization:
Responda
-
a) is related mostly to water molecules;
-
b) involves the formation of a double electric layer;
-
c) decreases the intercellular communication.
Questão 21
Questão
Ionic polarization:
Responda
-
a) involves mostly water molecules;
-
b) relates to the formation of a double electric layer;
-
c) increases the electromotive force (EMF) generated in biological tissue.
Questão 22
Questão
165. Ionic and dipole polarizations:
Responda
-
a) occur predominately in bone tissue;
-
b) cause heating in soft tissue;
-
c) decrease the magnitude of currents passing through soft tissue.
Questão 23
Questão
Electro-muscular stimulation is used in the following condition:
Responda
-
a) epilepsy;
-
b) arrhythmia;
-
c) muscle atrophy.
Questão 24
Questão
When the frequency of electrical stimulation is increased significantly, skeletal muscles will
respond with:
Responda
-
a) a muscle twitch;
-
b) muscle relaxation;
-
c) complete tetanus.
Questão 25
Questão
For efficient electro-muscular stimulation this type of current is used:
Responda
-
a) pulsed current above the threshold;
-
b) direct current with high voltage;
-
c) direct current with variable voltage.
Questão 26
Questão
When constant direct current is applied to living tissue, the magnitude of the current will
decrease with time. What is the explanation?
Responda
-
a) the activation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels;
-
b) the increase of the active resistance of the skin;
-
c) the polarization of the tissue.
Questão 27
Questão
Electro-muscular stimulation is used for:
Responda
-
a) observation of the spontaneous contractions in smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract;
-
b) conditioning mostly of skeletal muscles;
-
c) stimulation of the peripheral nerves.
Questão 28
Questão
The electrical conductance of biological tissue is:
Responda
-
a) a passive property;
-
b) an active property;
-
c) biological tissue has only resistance.
Questão 29
Questão
Choose the INCORRECT statement regarding the conductance of direct current (DC) through
biological tissues:
Responda
-
a) DC does not flow through cells, only in the extracellular fluid;
-
b) DC flows through the cells;
-
c) DC decreases exponentially with time, regarding of the applied constant voltage.
Questão 30
Questão
Single muscle twitch is cause by:
Responda
-
a) sub-threshold stimulation;
-
b) single action potential;
-
c) a series of fast local responses.
Questão 31
Questão
Tetanic muscle contractions are the result of:
Responda
-
a) a series of sub-threshold stimuli;
-
b) a series of over-threshold stimuli;
-
c) a series of fast local responses.
Questão 32
Questão
Choose the best definition for tetanic muscle contraction:
Responda
-
a) series of fast sequential muscle contractions;
-
b) series of muscle contractions, where new contractions begin before the ending of previous contractions;
-
c) group of sequential muscle contractions, triggered by singlesub-threshold stimulation.
Questão 33
Questão
A complete (smooth) tetanus is achieved when:
Responda
-
a) the interval between action potentials is shorter than the duration of the muscle contraction;
-
b) the interval between action potentials is longer than the duration of the muscle contraction;
-
c) when the duration of the action potential is longer then the duration of the muscle contraction.
Questão 34
Questão
Electro-muscular contraction of denervated muscles is:
Responda
-
a) a muscle contraction resulting from depolarization;
-
b) a muscle contraction triggered by a high voltage;
-
c) a muscle relaxation following the polarization of muscle cells.
Questão 35
Questão
The specific electrical conductance is the greatest for this type of tissue:
Responda
-
a) blood;
-
b) muscle tissue;
-
c) fat tissue.
Questão 36
Questão
When constant magnitude voltage is applied to biological tissue the resulting current does not
follow Ohm’s law. This is due to:
Responda
-
a) depolarization;
-
b) polarization;
-
c) induction.
Questão 37
Questão
Electro-muscular stimulation for physical therapy uses:
Responda
-
a) low frequency pulsed current;
-
b) high frequency pulsed current;
-
c) sine-wave current.
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