1930550
Descrição
Questão 1
Questão
Most effective imaging method for detection of bone metastases is:
Responda
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Echography
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SPECT
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Roentgenography
Questão 2
Questão
Radionuclide technetium-99m (99mTc) is used for:
Responda
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Radiotherapy
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"In Vivo" radionuclide diagnostic
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Active medium for laser generation
Questão 3
Questão
SPECT diagnostics method is based on:
Responda
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Ultrasound
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Laser Radiation
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Radiopharmaceuticals
Questão 4
Questão
Radiopharmaceuticals are:
Responda
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Sealed-radioactive sources
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Chemical compounds containing radioactive nuclides
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Contrast substances used in Roentgen diagnostics
Questão 5
Questão
Collimation stage in SPECT:
Responda
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Provides spatial resolution
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Reduces radiation load on pateints
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Reduces the cost of diagnostic examination
Questão 6
Questão
NaI crystals routinly used in gamma cameras:
Responda
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Are between 6 and 12mm thick
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Have high photoelectric absorption at 140 KeV
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Convert about 5% of absorbed energy into light
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Have an intrinsic resolution of several mm
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All of the above
Questão 7
Questão
Select the INCORRECT answer. "The eluate of technetium-99m generator can be used for a limited time, only in the day of elution, because:
Responda
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The activity of 99mTc in the eluate must be much greater than the activity its daughter nuclide technetium-99
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To meet the requirements for radionuclide purity
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The eluate must be sterile
Questão 8
Questão
Radionuclide purity means:
Responda
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The radiopharaceutical does not contain chemical impurities
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The radiopharaceutical does not contain radionuclides other than the labeled
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Both A and B
Questão 9
Questão
Iofetamine (123I) is a radiopharaceutical drug used in cerebral blood perfusion imaging with SPECT. What is the final product of 123I decay chain?
Responda
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Alpha
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Beta-plus
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Beta-minus
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Gamma
Questão 10
Questão
Which of the following three effects is used in PET:
Responda
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Photoelectric absorption
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Compton scattering
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Electron-positron annihilation
Questão 11
Questão
PET apparatus is set up to detect:
Responda
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Photons emitted in transitions from metastable to stable energy states
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Electron and positron particles, formed near radionuclides in patients body
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Photons emitted from annihilation (e- + e+) and radiated simultaneously in opposite directions
Questão 12
Questão
Which imaging diagnostic method use electron-positron annihilation?
Responda
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PET
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Echography
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CT
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Roentgenoscopy
Questão 13
Questão
Patients radiation load in PET is considerably lower compared to SPECT because:
Responda
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PET does not use collimators
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Annihilation radiation in PET has a relatively high energy
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PET uses beta-plus radionuclides
Questão 14
Questão
Positron emission involves the ejection of:
Responda
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An alpha-particle
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A beta-minus particle
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A beta-plus particle
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A proton and neutron
Questão 15
Questão
Which type of radioactivity is related to PET diagnostics:
Responda
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Beta-plus
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Beta-minus
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Alpha
Questão 16
Questão
Dosimetry unit defined only for photon radiations and only for interaction in air:
Responda
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Effective dose
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Equivalent dose
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Exposure
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Absorbed dose
Questão 17
Questão
Exposure (dosimetric quanitity) is defined for:
Responda
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All ionising radiation and all matter
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Charged particles in water
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Photon radiations to energy below 3 MeV in air
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Photon radiations of all energies acting in air
Questão 18
Questão
Kerma (Kinetic energy released in matter) is defined for:
Responda
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All ionising radiation
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Photons and neutrons
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Only photon radiation
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Charged particles
Questão 19
Questão
Which of the following is defined as Kerma (K) of ionising radiation:
Responda
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Energy / Mass
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Charge / Mass
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Energy / Time
Questão 20
Questão
Universal dosimetric unit defined for all types of radiation and absorption media:
Responda
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Exposure
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Absorbed dose
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Total electrical charge in a volume of substance
Questão 21
Questão
The correct units of absorbed dose are:
Responda
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J/kg, called Gy
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C/kg
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J/kg called Sv
Questão 22
Questão
Which of the following refers to the effective dose rate:
Responda
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Effective dose/Mass
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Effective dose/Time
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Effective dose/Volume
Questão 23
Questão
Which of the following refers to the Kema rate:
Responda
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Charge / Time
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Energy / Time
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K / Time
Questão 24
Questão
Tissue weighting factor (wt) account for the radio-biological effect of:
Responda
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Type of energy of radiation
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Specific radio-sensitivity of tissues and organs
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Radiation exposure time
Questão 25
Questão
Radiation weighting factor (wr) accounts for the radio-biological effect of:
Responda
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Radiation exposure time:
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Type and energy of radiation
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Specific radio-sensitivity of tissues and organs
Questão 26
Questão
Which radiation detectors is used for the calibration of both Linear accelerator and Cobolt units used in radiation therapy
Responda
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Semi-conducting and scintillation
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Photographic
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Ionization chamber
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Chemical
Questão 27
Questão
Thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) are used for radiation exposure measurements of:
Responda
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Staff personnel
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In Vivo dosimetry (during irradiation)
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In phantom dosimetry (using phantom for treatment plane verification)
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All of the above
Questão 28
Questão
Which detectors are used as dosimeters for medical personnel (More than one answer)
Responda
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Scintillation detectors
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Film badge (photographic) dosimeters
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TLD (Thermoluminescent dosimeters)
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Chemical dosimeters
Questão 29
Questão
60Co used in radiotherapy, has approx half-life T1/2 of:
Responda
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5 min
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5 h
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5 a
Questão 30
Questão
X-ray tubes made for therapeutic applications have a stationary anode, which x-ray tubes used for diagnostics have a rotating anode. Why is that?
Responda
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Therapeutic x-ray tubes do not require high resolution
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Therapeutic x-ray tubes have higher efficiency and generate less heat
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Therapeutic x-ray rubes have lower efficiency and target has a greater area
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All of the above
Questão 31
Questão
Radiation dose reaches a maximum near the skin surface for:
Responda
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60Co gamma ray
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Linac, Electron mode of operation
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Linac, Photon mode of operation
Questão 32
Questão
Radiation dose peaks at maximum depth for treatment with:
Responda
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Cobalt units
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Linac, photon mode of operation
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Linac, Electron mode of operation
Questão 33
Questão
Percent depth dose (PDD) is:
Responda
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The ratio between two absorption doses
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The difference between two absorption doses
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The sum between two absorption doses
Questão 34
Questão
For which type of radiation the term skin-sparing effect is not applicable:
Responda
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Gamma rays
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High energy photon beams (from Linac)
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High energy electron beams (from Linac)
Questão 35
Questão
Radionuclide used for radiotherapy of thyroid cancer:
Responda
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Technetium - 99m (99mTc)
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Iodine-131 (131I)
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Iodine-123 (123I)
Questão 36
Questão
What radionuclide delivery methods are used in brachytherapy
Responda
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Sealed (encapsulated)
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Unsealed (soluble)
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Both A and B
Questão 37
Questão
BNCT therapy is a method used:
Responda
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10B and a low energy photon beam
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10B and a low energy proton beam
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10B and a low energy neutron beam
Questão 38
Questão
Which two imaging methods do not expose patients to radiation risk:
Responda
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Roentgenography and echography
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Radionuclides for in vivo diagnostics and x-ray imaging
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Echography and Magnetic-resonance tomography
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Magnetic-resonance tomography and PET
Questão 39
Questão
Monitoring and measuring a persons exposure to radiation is called:
Responda
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Densitometry
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Personal dosimetry
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Sensitometry
Questão 40
Questão
The primary purpose for using personal monitoring is to:
Responda
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Protect the radiographer
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Calculate the total radiation a radiographer delivers
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Monitor radiographers repeat rate
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Monitor radiographers occupational exposure
Questão 41
Questão
Which type of ionizing radiation will have the LEAST biological effect:
Responda
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Alpha particles
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Fast neutrons
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Protons
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Diagnostic x-ray
Questão 42
Questão
Consider teletherapy (external beam radiotherapy) with medical accelerator (Linac) and cobalt-60 unit. Which is the MOST significant difference bewteen the two methods, regarding radiation protection:
Responda
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Linac can generate higher energy radiation
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Servicing colbalt-60 unit takes more time
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Linac produces radiation only when switched on and cobalt-60 unit generates radiation at all times.
Questão 43
Questão
What is the SIGNIFICANT difference between sealed and unsealed radiation sources used in radiotherapy:
Responda
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Sealed sources have higher activity
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Unsealed sources have longer half-life
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Unsealed sources take part in the body metabolism
Questão 44
Questão
Iodine-131 is used in thyroid cancer therapy, but it is undesirable for diagnostic purposes. Why is that?
Responda
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The half-life of iodine-131 is too long
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Emits beta and gamma radiation (radiation exposure to pt is greater)
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Emits gamma rays with several energy
Questão 45
Questão
In nuclear medicine, what is the significant difference between "in vivo" and "In vitro" radionuclide based investigations:
Responda
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"In vitro" investigations do not require highly qualified personnel
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"In vitro" investigations do not expose PT's to radiation
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Both A and B
Questão 46
Questão
In November 2006, former KGB spy Alexander Litvinenko fell suddenly ill. He died in London's University College Hospital, leaving doctors puzzled over the cause of death. It was later determined he had ingested the radionuclide polonium-210. Given that (prior to the autopsy), radiation was undetectable out of Litvinenko's body, what was the type of radioactive decay?
Responda
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Alpha particles
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Beta particles
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Gamma Rays
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