Questão 1
Questão
What is the idea of hierarchy of importance in terms of homeostasis?
Responda
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A variable of greater immediate importance may be maintained at the expense of other variables of long term importance
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A variable of greater long term importance may be maintained at the expense of other variables of short term importance
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Only the most important out-of-range variable in the body can be altered at any one time
Questão 2
Questão
An example of the hierarchy of importance in homeostasis is a high salt intake. This increases [blank_start]osmolarity[blank_end] of the blood. Thus, more [blank_start]water[blank_end] moves into the blood. This balances osmolarity but increases [blank_start]plasma volume[blank_end]. Thus, MABP increases which causes [blank_start]hypertension[blank_end] in the long term. Whilst hypertension is undesirable for the body, the more immediate high osmolarity in the blood caused by excessive salt intake must be dealt with in this way.
Responda
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osmolarity
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water
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plasma volume
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hypertension
Questão 3
Questão
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which:
A variable is regulated about set point
A change in that variable is compared against that point
Deviation from that point leads to a response
The response moves the variable back to the set point
And turns the response off
Responda
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Negative feedback
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Positive feedback
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Feed-forward
Questão 4
Questão
[blank_start]Sensors[blank_end] - detect changes in the physiological variable
[blank_start]Afferent pathway[blank_end] - carries signals from sensors to integrating centre
[blank_start]Integrating centre[blank_end] - compares inputs from sensors against physiological set point and elicits a response
[blank_start]Efferent pathway[blank_end] - carries signals from integrating centre to effectors
[blank_start]Effector[blank_end] - produces a response to bring the physiological variable back to the set point
Questão 5
Questão
Which of these structures are examples of neuronal integrating centres in the brain?
Responda
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Hypothalamus
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Pons
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Medulla oblongata
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Central sulcus
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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Occipotal lobe
Questão 6
Questão
In homeostatic negative feedback mechanisms, what must there be to allow fine-tuning of variables?
Responda
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Two systems with opposing effects (e.g. the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)
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One system with one effect
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One system with two different effects
Questão 7
Questão
This diagram shows the two systems involved in thermoregulation. Label it.
Responda
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Afferent pathway
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Efferent pathway
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Afferent pathway
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Efferent pathway
Questão 8
Questão
This diagram shows the endocrine systems in the body. Label it.
Responda
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland
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Adrenal gland
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Pancreas
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Ovaries
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Testes
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Thyroid gland
Questão 9
Questão
All hypothalamic/pituitary hormones are peptides, polypeptides or glycoproteins
Questão 10
Questão
This diagram shows the endocrine hormone negative feedback arc controlling blood glucose. Label it.
Questão 11
Questão
What is a local homeostatic control mechanism?
Responda
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Independent of neuronal/hormonal responses, all components of arc located within same tissue or organ
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Controlled by neuronal/hormonal responses, all components of arc located within same tissue or organ
Questão 12
Questão
One example of a local negative feedback mechanism is in skeletal muscle. When skeletal muscle is contracting at a fast rate, there is increased [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] concentration in the blood. This is sensed in the [blank_start]arterioles[blank_end] which stimulates them to [blank_start]dilate[blank_end]. This increases blood flow to the muscles. This removes [blank_start]carbon dioxide[blank_end] and [blank_start]lactic acid[blank_end] from the tissue and thus their concentrations return to normal.
Responda
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carbon dioxide
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lactic acid
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arterioles
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dilate
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carbon dioxide
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lactic acid
Questão 13
Questão
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which:
A change in a variable is anticipated
A response to that change is brought about before that change is even actually detected
Responda
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Negative feedback
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Positive feedback
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Feed-forward
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Predictive feedback
Questão 14
Questão
The fight or flight response is an example of a feed-forward control mechanism.
When a threat is perceived, the [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] nervous system anticipates physical exertion whereby the individual will need to fight the threat or flee from it.
The sympathetic nervous system activates the release of noradrenaline and [blank_start]adrenaline[blank_end] to increase heart [blank_start]rate[blank_end] and blood flow in the [blank_start]muscles[blank_end]. This prepares the body for increased [blank_start]oxygen[blank_end] demand.
Responda
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sympathetic
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adrenaline
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rate
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muscles
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oxygen
Questão 15
Questão
Feed-forward mechanisms can be the result of learned behaviour. For example...
'Cues' can be associated with an incoming meal. Therefore, this cue will trigger anticipation of [blank_start]digestion[blank_end].
The [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] nervous system stimulates the secretion of [blank_start]saliva[blank_end] and [blank_start]gastric juice[blank_end].
This prepares the body for digestion before food is even ingested.
Responda
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digestion
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parasympathetic
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saliva
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gastric juice
Questão 16
Questão
What is the correct name of the mechanism in which:
A change in a variable triggers a response
That response furthers the change in that variable
The variable is therefore amplified, not normalised
Responda
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Negative feedback
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Positive feedback
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Feed-forward
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Amplification feedback
Questão 17
Questão
One example of a positive feedback mechanism is parturition.
When the head of the foetus begins to push against the cervix, [blank_start]nerve impulses[blank_end] are transmitted to the brain. The [blank_start]pituitary[blank_end] gland is stimulated to secrete [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end]. This is carried in the [blank_start]bloodstream[blank_end] to the uterus. It then stimulates uterine [blank_start]contractions[blank_end] which push the baby towards the cervix. Therefore, the [blank_start]pituitary gland[blank_end] will be stimulated even more so more [blank_start]oxytocin[blank_end] will be secreted. The mechanism is terminated when the baby is born.
Responda
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nerve impulses
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pituitary
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oxytocin
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bloodstream
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pituitary gland
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contractions
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oxytocin
Questão 18
Questão
Hormones are derived from steroids only
Questão 19
Questão
Select all the properties that apply to peptide/protein/glycoprotein hormones.
Questão 20
Questão
Select all the properties that apply to steroid and thyroid hormones