Questão 1
Questão
[blank_start]Idiographic[blank_end] theories are concerned with individuals; [blank_start]nomothetic[blank_end] approaches are concerned with large numbers of people.
Responda
-
Idiographic
-
Nomothetic
-
nomothetic
-
idiographic
Questão 2
Questão
Of Piaget's stages, which one is the first?
Responda
-
Sensorimotor
-
Preoperational
-
Concrete operational
-
Formal operational
Questão 3
Questão
This indicates the percentage of individuals who answered a test item correctly.
Responda
-
Discrimination index
-
Difficulty index
-
Confidence interval
Questão 4
Questão
[blank_start]Ipsative[blank_end] measures compare traits within the same individual, and do not compare a person to other persons who took the instrument.
Questão 5
Questão
A/An [blank_start]normative[blank_end] interpretation is one in which the individual's score is evaluated by comparing it to others who took the same test.
Questão 6
Questão
In constructing a test, experts nearly always consider this to be most important:
Questão 7
Questão
A reliable test is always valid.
Questão 8
Questão
A valid test is always reliable.
Questão 9
Questão
Reliability coefficients are variance estimates, meaning that the coefficient denotes the amount of true score variance.
Questão 10
Questão
Reliability coefficients in the [blank_start]0.80s[blank_end] are desirable for screening tests.
Questão 11
Questão
This individual believed that intelligence is primarily genetic and a "unitary" factor.
Responda
-
Charles Spearman
-
Francis Galton
-
J.P. Guilford
Questão 12
Questão
What are the mean and standard deviation for the WAIS-IV?
Responda
-
10; 3
-
100; 15
-
115; 10
-
100; 10
Questão 13
Questão
Interest inventories work best with individuals of high school age or above because:
Questão 14
Questão
A [blank_start]low[blank_end] standard error of measurement (SEM) means high reliability.
Questão 15
Questão
The SEM tells us the variance around a particular score for an individual.
Questão 16
Questão
[blank_start]Increasing[blank_end] a test's length raises reliability.
Questão 17
Questão
How many stages encompass Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development?
Questão 18
Questão
In Freudian theory, the id operates on the [blank_start]pleasure[blank_end] principle, and the ego operates on the [blank_start]reality[blank_end] principle.
Responda
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pleasure
-
reality
-
reality
-
pleasure
Questão 19
Questão
The superego, or ego ideal, attempts to balance the id and ego.
Questão 20
Questão
According to Freud, a dream's surface meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]manifest[blank_end] content, and a dream's hidden meaning is referred to as the [blank_start]latent[blank_end] content.
Responda
-
manifest
-
latent
-
latent
-
manifest
Questão 21
Questão
The most important concept in Freud's theory is the unconscious mind.
Questão 22
Questão
The [blank_start]conscious[blank_end] mind is aware of the immediate environment; the [blank_start]preconscious[blank_end] mind can bring ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with little difficulty; and the [blank_start]unconscious[blank_end] contains material which is unknown or hidden from the client.
Responda
-
conscious
-
preconscious
-
unconscious
-
preconscious
-
conscious
-
unconscious
-
unconscious
-
conscious
-
preconscious
Questão 23
Questão
In this type of thinking, things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong:
Responda
-
Relativistic
-
Dualistic
-
Individualistic
-
Collectivist
Questão 24
Questão
The correct order of Jean Piaget's developmental stages are as follows: [blank_start]sensorimotor[blank_end], [blank_start]preoperations[blank_end], [blank_start]concrete operations[blank_end], and [blank_start]formal operations[blank_end].
Responda
-
sensorimotor
-
preoperations
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
preoperations
-
sensorimotor
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
concrete operations
-
formal operations
-
formal operations
-
concrete operations
Questão 25
Questão
This individual created the first intelligence test:
Responda
-
David Wechsler
-
Alfred Binet
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Charles Spearman
-
Sir Francis Galton
Questão 26
Questão
[blank_start]Plasticity[blank_end] means the capacity to change.
Questão 27
Questão
Lev Vygotsky's theory of development emphasized the role that culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Questão 28
Questão
Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors can be best described as occurring when group members learn how they come across to others and what others think of them?
Questão 29
Questão
This can be described as the expression of both positive and negative feelings:
Responda
-
Family reenactment
-
Catharsis
-
Identification
-
Self-understanding
Questão 30
Questão
You suggested that your client, Rob, join a group for young fathers. He reports to you that after attending a couple sessions, he feels a sense of belonging to the group and feels understood and accepted by the other members. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is being described?
Responda
-
Universality
-
Identification
-
Instillation of hope
-
Group cohesiveness
Questão 31
Questão
This type of test compares a person's test score to a predetermined standard or level of performance:
Responda
-
Norm-referenced
-
Criterion-referenced
-
Portfolio assessment
-
Environmental assessment
Questão 32
Questão
Multiple-choice and true/false questions would appear on this type of test:
Questão 33
Questão
Which of the following is *not* a measure of central tendency?
Responda
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Mean
-
Median
-
Mode
-
Standard deviation
Questão 34
Questão
Which measure of central tendency can be found by summing all the values in the group, then dividing that sum by the number of values in the group (indicated by the equation M = ΣX/N)?
Responda
-
Mode
-
Median
-
Mean
-
None of these
Questão 35
Questão
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Questão 36
Questão
An [blank_start]aptitude[blank_end] test is a test that predicts a person's capacity to perform some skill or task in the future; an [blank_start]achievement[blank_end] test is a test that measures knowledge a person has acquired through instruction or training up to a certain point in his or her academic career.
Responda
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aptitude
-
achievement
-
achievement
-
aptitude
Questão 37
Questão
This type of scale simply classifies data into non-ordered, mutually exclusive categories; numbers stand for names or categories:
Responda
-
Nominal
-
Ordinal
-
Interval
-
Ratio
Questão 38
Questão
A higher standard deviation indicates less variability in scores.
Questão 39
Questão
This measure of variability is found by calculating the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution:
Responda
-
Range
-
Standard deviation
-
Median
-
Mean
Questão 40
Questão
This type of test tests for a significant difference between three or more groups:
Responda
-
ANOVA
-
t-test
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Pearson's r
-
t-score
Questão 41
Questão
If you [blank_start]accept[blank_end] the null hypothesis, you are taking the position that there is no significant difference between groups in an experiment.
Questão 42
Questão
In which of Piaget's stages would a child master the concept of conservation?
Responda
-
Sensorimotor
-
Preoperations
-
Concrete operations
-
Formal operations
Questão 43
Questão
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has [blank_start]3[blank_end] levels, with each broken down further into [blank_start]2[blank_end] stages.
Questão 44
Questão
"RS" in the counseling field is shorthand for:
Questão 45
Questão
You are out mowing your lawn one Saturday afternoon when your neighbor, Evan, strikes up a conversation with you in which he says, "I know my daughter is only being good today because she knows she will get ice cream later." Given this information, you can surmise that his daughter is in what stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg?
Responda
-
Preconventional
-
Conventional
-
Postconventional
-
Preoperational
Questão 46
Questão
In Kohlberg's highest level of morality, postconventional morality, the individual is primarily concerned with conforming to the roles in society and living up to the expectations of society.
Questão 47
Questão
In a research experiment, this variable has the potential to affect the dependent variable, but the researcher is aware of it beforehand:
Responda
-
control variable
-
extraneous variable
-
moderator variable
Questão 48
Questão
A p value of .05 means that there is a 95% chance that the null hypothesis is false. Another way of stating this is:
Questão 49
Questão
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the exact midpoint of a distribution?
Questão 50
Questão
Which measure of central tendency is defined as the most frequently occurring value?
Questão 51
Questão
Which measure of central tendency would you want to use if you have extreme scores and do not want to distort the data?
Questão 52
Questão
A z-score is the same thing as a standard score.
Questão 53
Questão
Individual changes, task changes, and a limited sample are examples of:
Responda
-
Systematic error
-
Unsystematic error
Questão 54
Questão
The average correlation among items within a test or scale is known as its internal [blank_start]consistency[blank_end].
Questão 55
Questão
Based on statistical properties of the normal curve, about what percentage of scores fall in the interval from 2 standard deviations below the mean to 2 standard deviations above the mean?
Questão 56
Questão
[blank_start]Validity[blank_end] considers the degree to which test scores measure what the test claims to measure.
Questão 57
Questão
This type of validity is derived from the obvious appearance of the measure itself and its test items:
Responda
-
Face
-
Construct
-
Concurrent
-
Predictive
Questão 58
Questão
This statistic denotes the relationship between predictor and criterion measures:
Questão 59
Questão
When a counselor is displaying [blank_start]congruence[blank_end], there is no conflict between their feelings and actions. There is a match between their internal state and external expression of that state.
Questão 60
Questão
The skill in [blank_start]unconditional positive regard[blank_end] is to maintain your attitude of valuing the client and expressing care and concern for them as a human being, even as they reveal undesirable behaviors.
Questão 61
Questão
The state of being authentic or truthful is known as [blank_start]genuineness[blank_end].
Questão 62
Questão
This refers to the ability to deeply sense a client's worldview as if it were your own:
Questão 63
Questão
This counseling skill involves acknowledging a client's positive behaviors, as well as helping them recognize their negative behaviors and develop alternative, more positive methods of feeling, thinking, and behaving:
Responda
-
Attending
-
Summarizing
-
Focusing
-
Feedback
Questão 64
Questão
Culturally [blank_start]homogeneous[blank_end] groups are ones that are similar on ethnic and cultural dimensions.
Responda
-
homogeneous
-
heterogeneous
Questão 65
Questão
The notion that group members benefit from helping one another is known as:
Responda
-
Altruism
-
Universality
-
Instillation of hope
-
Imparting of information
Questão 66
Questão
This theorist, who thought it important to focus on clients' birth orders and sibling relationships, also believed that one's interpretations of childhood experiences matters more than the actual events:
Responda
-
Carl Jung
-
Sigmund Freud
-
Alfred Adler
-
Erik Erikson
Questão 67
Questão
According to Adler, this is an imagined life goal that guides a person's behavior:
Responda
-
Lifestyle
-
Social interest
-
Anima or animus
-
Fictional finalism
Questão 68
Questão
According to existential theory, this type of anxiety is manifested as an appropriate response to an event, and can be used as a motivation to change:
Responda
-
existential
-
neurotic
-
normal
-
reality
Questão 69
Questão
B. F. Skinner is associated with [blank_start]operant[blank_end] conditioning.
Questão 70
Questão
Wolpe's systematic desensitization is based on the principles of [blank_start]classical[blank_end] conditioning.
Questão 71
Questão
Which Holland code is the rarest?
Questão 72
Questão
When a distribution is positively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Questão 73
Questão
If a distribution is positively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are above average and it may have been an easy exam.
Questão 74
Questão
In a positively skewed distribution, the tail points to the left.
Questão 75
Questão
When a distribution is negatively skewed, the tail is pointing to the:
Questão 76
Questão
If a distribution is negatively skewed, then one could assume that many scores are below the average and it may have been a difficult exam.
Questão 77
Questão
In a negatively skewed distribution, the tail points to the right.
Questão 78
Questão
With z-scores, positive/negative signs are not very important.
Questão 79
Questão
What are the mean and standard deviation for t-scores?
Responda
-
50; 10
-
500; 100
-
100; 15
-
10; 3
Questão 80
Questão
What are the mean and standard deviation for Deviation IQ?
Responda
-
100; 15
-
50; 10
-
500; 100
-
10; 3
Questão 81
Questão
[blank_start]Kurtosis[blank_end] is the degree of peakedness in a distribution.
Questão 82
Questão
Which type of kurtosis has an arrangement of values that follow a bell or normal curve?
Responda
-
Leptokurtic
-
Mesokurtic
-
Platykurtic
Questão 83
Questão
In this type of kurtosis, the majority of scores are clustered around a value at the midpoint, and a few extreme scores tapering off on either side:
Responda
-
Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
-
Mesokurtic
Questão 84
Questão
Which type of kurtosis has more scores at the extremes and fewer in the center?
Responda
-
Mesokurtic
-
Leptokurtic
-
Platykurtic
Questão 85
Questão
In this type of kurtosis, more scores are in the center of the distribution, with fewer at either extreme:
Responda
-
Mesokurtic
-
Platykurtic
-
Leptokurtic
Questão 86
Questão
The term 'assessment' can be used synonymously with 'appraisal.'
Questão 87
Questão
This is a quantity of some construct or concept, such as anxiety or math skill:
Responda
-
Test
-
Measure
-
Appraisal
-
Standardization
Questão 88
Questão
A [blank_start]psychological test[blank_end] is a standardized procedure for sampling behavior and describing it with categories or scores, then compared to norms.
Responda
-
psychological test
-
measure
-
behavioral observation
Questão 89
Questão
[blank_start]Standardization[blank_end] is the systematic collection and analysis of data.
Responda
-
Standardization
-
Assessment
-
Appraisal
Questão 90
Questão
With objective tests, there is a very low likelihood of examiners independently agreeing on a client's score on a given sample of behavior.
Questão 91
Questão
Screening and assessment are synonymous with one another.
Questão 92
Questão
In testing, this occurs when items are not sufficiently difficult and cannot accurately measure high performers:
Responda
-
ceiling effect
-
floor effect
-
item discrimination
-
item difficulty
Questão 93
Questão
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual of middle-school age:
Responda
-
WAIS-IV
-
WISC-IV
-
WPPSI-III
Questão 94
Questão
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to an individual who is of "traditional" college-age:
Responda
-
WISC-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WAIS-IV
Questão 95
Questão
Of the Wechsler tests, a counselor would likely administer this one to a preschool-age child:
Responda
-
WAIS-IV
-
WPPSI-III
-
WISC-IV
Questão 96
Questão
What are the mean and standard deviation for subtests in the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Questão 97
Questão
What are the mean and standard deviation for the Wechsler intelligence tests?
Responda
-
10; 3
-
100; 10
-
100; 15
-
50; 10
Questão 98
Questão
You administered the WAIS-IV to your client, Ethan, and reported to him that he scored within -1 to +1 standard deviations from the mean. This would mean that his standardized score fell somewhere between:
Responda
-
115-145
-
90-105
-
85-115
-
100-115
Questão 99
Questão
Which psychologist proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Responda
-
Guilford
-
Cattell
-
Wechsler
-
Gardner
Questão 100
Questão
[blank_start]Fluid[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the ability to reason and think flexibly, and is considered independent of education of experience; [blank_start]crystallized[blank_end] intelligence can be defined as the accumulation of knowledge, facts, and skills that are acquired through life and are improved through learning.
Responda
-
Fluid
-
Crystallized
-
crystallized
-
fluid
Questão 101
Questão
[blank_start]Crystallized[blank_end] intelligence increases as we age; [blank_start]fluid[blank_end] intelligence drops off as we age.
Responda
-
Crystallized
-
Fluid
-
fluid
-
crystallized
Questão 102
Questão
Fluid intelligence increases with age.
Questão 103
Questão
A method of assessing the best performance of which an examinee is capable is known as a:
Responda
-
Performance assessment
-
Direct behavioral assessment
-
Maximum performance measurement
-
Typical performance measurement
Questão 104
Questão
A type of behavioral observation in which the counselor documents in narrative format what was observed is known as a/an:
Questão 105
Questão
Pearson's r, regression, and ANOVA are examples of:
Responda
-
nonparametric statistics
-
parametric statistics
-
none of these
Questão 106
Questão
Nonparametric statistics rely on the normal curve and the assumption of normality.
Questão 107
Questão
The amount of variance that is accounted for in one variable by the other variable is known as the:
Responda
-
Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson's r)
-
Coefficient of alienation
-
Coefficient of determination
-
Spearman's correlation
Questão 108
Questão
A potential issue in doing data collection through observation of behavior, the counselor may unintentionally change the definition of the behavior and lose objectivity. This is known as:
Responda
-
observer bias
-
observer drift
-
Halo effect
-
Hawthorne effect
Questão 109
Questão
The [blank_start]central tendency error[blank_end] is the propensity to respond with moderate or centrist descriptions rather than using descriptions that lean toward the extremes of a rating scale.
Questão 110
Questão
Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is described as being related to themes such as responsibility, death, freedom, isolation, and purpose?
Responda
-
Altruism
-
Catharsis
-
Existential factors
-
Imparting of information
Questão 111
Questão
In the context of group therapy, this occurs when group members realize that other members experience similar thoughts, feelings, and issues:
Questão 112
Questão
The process through which group members are enabled to free themselves from old roles and test new behaviors is known as:
Questão 113
Questão
When the group leader or other member(s) pass on beneficial information regarding the problem and/or solution to other members, this is known as:
Questão 114
Questão
When group members feel more trustful of groups and learn how to relate to other members, [blank_start]interpersonal learning output[blank_end] has occurred.
Questão 115
Questão
You referred your client, Jules, to a group for women struggling with postpartum depression. After a few group sessions, she says to you that she has observed improvement in others who have similar problems, and believe that she will also improve with the group's help. Which of Yalom's therapeutic factors is at work?
Questão 116
Questão
This occurs when group members discover and accept previously unknown or unacceptable parts of themselves:
Questão 117
Questão
Your client, Jules, reports to you that she has noticed herself modeling certain behaviors that she sees in other members. According to Yalom, this therapeutic factor has occurred:
Questão 118
Questão
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, most children operate at the [blank_start]preconventional[blank_end] level, and most adolescents operate at the [blank_start]conventional[blank_end] level.
Responda
-
preconventional
-
conventional
-
conventional
-
post-conventional
Questão 119
Questão
Which theorist put forth an Identity Status theory of social development, which categorizes four main points or stations along the continuum of identity development?
Responda
-
Erikson
-
Havighurst
-
Marcia
-
Piaget
Questão 120
Questão
Your adolescent client has struggled to make any real progress in deciding an occupation or ideology of her own. She seems to be "floating" through her life. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Responda
-
Foreclosure
-
Diffusion
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
Questão 121
Questão
Another of your adolescent clients seems to have "blindly" accepted the ideology / value system of their family, without doing his own exploration to determine what's important to him. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Responda
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
Questão 122
Questão
One of your adolescent clients seems to have reached a state of clarity regarding her identity, and has committed to her own set of autonomously made values and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, she would be in this state:
Responda
-
Moratorium
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
Questão 123
Questão
Another of your adolescent clients has made little to no commitment to an ideology or occupation, but he is also experimenting with many different values, beliefs, and goals. According to Marcia's theory of identity status, he would be in this state:
Responda
-
Achievement
-
Diffusion
-
Foreclosure
-
Moratorium
Questão 124
Questão
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity foreclosure is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity moratorium is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment.
Responda
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
low
-
high
Questão 125
Questão
Regarding Marcia's theory, identity diffusion is marked by a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]low[blank_end] level of commitment, whereas identity achievement is marked by a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of exploration and a [blank_start]high[blank_end] level of commitment.
Responda
-
low
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
high
-
low
-
high
-
low
Questão 126
Questão
In an experimental research design, it is the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable that is being manipulated, and it is the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable that is being studied.
Responda
-
independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Questão 127
Questão
Researchers wanted to study the effects of blood alcohol level on reaction time. In this experiment, blood alcohol level would be the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable, and reaction time would be the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable.
Responda
-
independent
-
dependent
-
dependent
-
independent
Questão 128
Questão
Observational, case study, and survey methods are all examples of this type of research:
Responda
-
Descriptive
-
Experimental
-
Correlational
-
Quasi-experimental
Questão 129
Questão
Correlational research is synonymous with experimental research.
Questão 130
Questão
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -2 and +2 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Questão 131
Questão
Approximately what percentage of scores is expected to fall between -1 and +1 standard deviations on the normal curve?
Questão 132
Questão
Which type of test is interpreted by comparing a respondent's score to the performance of a standardization group?
Responda
-
Criterion-referenced
-
Norm-referenced
-
Achievement test
-
Aptitude test
Questão 133
Questão
Which of the following best describes "standard deviation"?
Responda
-
the difference between the highest and lowest scores
-
the arithmetic average of a set of scores
-
the average amount that scores vary from the mean
-
a standard score
Questão 134
Questão
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of relatedness within personality types or environmental models:
Responda
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity
Questão 135
Questão
In the language of career counseling, this refers to the degree of fit between personality types and environmental models:
Responda
-
congruence
-
consistency
-
differentiation
-
identity