Questão 1
Questão
This image shows the different efferent nerve pathways. Label the red boxes with the neurotransmitter released from that particular synapse and label the green boxes with the receptors that receive them.
Responda
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Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine
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Acetycholine
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Acetylcholine
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Adrenaline
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Nicotinic
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Nicotinic
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Nicotinic
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Nicotinic
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Adrenergic
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Noradrenaline
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Adrenergic
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Nicotinic
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Acetylcholine
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Muscarinic
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Acetylcholine
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Muscarinic
Questão 2
Questão
Preganglionic fibres always release acetylcholine at the synapse.
Questão 3
Questão
Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors respond to which neurotransmitter?
Questão 4
Questão
Which cholinergic receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor?
Questão 5
Questão
How many subtypes of muscarinic receptor are there?
Questão 6
Questão
Which muscarinic receptor subtype reduces the force of contraction in the cardiac atria?
Questão 7
Questão
Which muscarinic receptor subtype is involved in the activation of phospholipase C in smooth muscular and glandular tissue?
Questão 8
Questão
Which cholinergic receptors are non-selective cation channels?
Responda
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Nicotinic receptors
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Muscarinic receptors
Questão 9
Questão
How many subunits do nicotinic receptors have?
Questão 10
Questão
What is the correct composition of the nicotinic receptors in terms of subunits?
Questão 11
Questão
Which subunits does acetylcholine bind to on nicotinic receptors?
Questão 12
Questão
Why can we block muscle nicotinic receptors whilst not affecting ganglionic nicotinic receptors?
Responda
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Different composition
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Muscle receptors respond to acetycholine whereas ganglionic receptors respond to adrenaline
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Different shaped alpha subunits
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Ganglionic nicotinic receptors are inaccessible to drugs
Questão 13
Questão
How many subtypes do alpha adrenergic receptors have?
Questão 14
Questão
The alpha adrenergic receptors have subtypes of subtypes i.e. a-1A, a-1B
Questão 15
Questão
Which alpha adrenergic receptor subtype stimulates phospholipase C to raise cellular Ca2+?
Questão 16
Questão
Which alpha receptor subtype activates Gi to inhibit adenylate cyclase and raise cellular cAMP levels?
Questão 17
Questão
Why are A2 adrenergic receptors often located presynaptically?
Responda
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They inhibit the release of noradrenaline when stimulated by the release of noradrenaline
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They release noradrenaline
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They release acetylcholine
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They synthesise noradrenaline
Questão 18
Questão
How many subtypes to the beta adrenergic receptors have?
Questão 19
Questão
All beta adrenergic receptor subtypes activate adenylate cyclase to increase cellular cAMP levels.
Questão 20
Questão
The B1 adrenergic receptor is the main subtype of what?
Questão 21
Questão
The B2 adrenergic receptor subtype is the main subtype of what?
Questão 22
Questão
The B3 adrenergic receptors are the main receptors of what?
Questão 23
Questão
What is NANC transmission?
Responda
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Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic transmission
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Noradrenergic non-cholinergic transmission
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Not Associated with Nicotinic Cholinergic receptors
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Noradrenergic nicotinic cholernic transmission
Questão 24
Questão
When does NANC transmission often occur?
Questão 25
Questão
What is co-transmission?
Responda
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The release of two neurotransmitters alongside one another
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The inhibition of the release of a neurotransmitter by its own increasing levels
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The release of one neurotransmitter followed by another
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The stimulation of the same effector by multiple different neurons simultaneously
Questão 26
Questão
Co-transmission allows different patterns of neurotransmitter release in response to different levels of stimulation.
Questão 27
Questão
NANC can occur in both ganglionic and post-ganglionic synapses.
Questão 28
Questão
The parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system always act in opposition to one another.
Questão 29
Questão
What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?
Responda
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Inhibits the sinoatrial node
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Stimulates the sinoatrial node
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Increases ventricular preload
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Increases atrial afterload
Questão 30
Questão
Fill in the blanks below to describe the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system in the heart.
The parasympathetic nervous system acts on the heart by postganglionic fibres in the [blank_start]vagus[blank_end] nerve. The parasympathetic nervous system inhibits the [blank_start]sinoatrial node[blank_end]. This reduces h[blank_start]eart rate[blank_end], reduces c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end] and reduces b[blank_start]lood pressure[blank_end]. The parasympathetic nervous system also reduces [blank_start]conduction velocity[blank_end] in the [blank_start]atrioventricular[blank_end] node.
Responda
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vagus
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sinoatrial node
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eart rate
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ardiac output
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lood pressure
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conduction velocity
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atrioventricular
Questão 31
Questão
Which nerves mediate parasympathetic activity on the blood vessels?
Responda
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Vagal and sacral
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Sacral and thoracic
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Lumbar and vagal
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Lumbar and sacral
Questão 32
Questão
Why does the parasympathetic nervous system have little effect on total peripheral resistance?
Responda
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Only a few vascular beds are parasympathetically innervated
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Almost all vascular beds are parasympathetically innervated
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Parasympathetic nerves do not affect blood vessel diameter
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Blood vessels have cholinergic muscarinic receptors
Questão 33
Questão
The parasympathetic nervous system causes bronchioconstriction.
Questão 34
Questão
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system causes relaxation of intestinal sphincters?
Responda
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Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic
Questão 35
Questão
The parasympathetic nervous system controls accommodation for near vision.
1. The parasympathetic nervous system causes [blank_start]contraction[blank_end] of the [blank_start]ciliary[blank_end] muscle.
2. This relaxes tension on the [blank_start]lens[blank_end].
3. The lens [blank_start]thickens[blank_end].
4. The [blank_start]focal distance[blank_end] shortens.
Responda
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contraction
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ciliary
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lens
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thickens
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focal distance
Questão 36
Questão
How does the parasympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?
Responda
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Contracts the sphincter pupillae muscle in iris to control light entry into eye
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Contracts ciliary muscle to relax tension on the lens
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Contracts the ciliary muscle to control light entry into the eye
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Contracts the sphincter pupillae muscle in iris to relax tension on lens
Questão 37
Questão
What are the baroreceptors?
Responda
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Pressure receptors
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Temperature receptors
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pH receptors
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Blood glucose receptors
Questão 38
Questão
Where are the baroreceptors found? Check all that apply.
Responda
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Carotid sinuses
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Aortic arch
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Vena cava
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Cerebellum
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Hypothalamus
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Pituitary gland
Questão 39
Questão
Where are pressure signals from the baroreceptors relayed back to?
Questão 40
Questão
Fill in the blanks to describe the baroreceptor reflex.
1. Blood pressure distends the arterial walls.
2. [blank_start]Baroreceptors[blank_end] in the c[blank_start]arotid sinuses[blank_end] and a[blank_start]ortic arch[blank_end] stimulated by tension.
3. Signals relayed to [blank_start]nucleus tractus solitarius[blank_end] in the [blank_start]brainstem[blank_end] which compares blood pressure to a set point.
4. The NTS increases [blank_start]parasympathetic[blank_end] drive to the heart and reduces [blank_start]sympathetic[blank_end] drive to the heart. This reduces h[blank_start]eart rate[blank_end] and reduces c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end]. The NTS also reduces arterial [blank_start]constriction[blank_end] to reduce total peripheral [blank_start]resistance[blank_end]. The NTS also reduces [blank_start]venous[blank_end] constriction to [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] cardiac output.
5. Blood pressure = c[blank_start]ardiac output[blank_end] x t[blank_start]otal peripheral resistance[blank_end], so blood pressure falls to a set point.
Questão 41
Questão
Which enzyme breaks down acetylcholine into choline and acetate to prevent too strong a stimulus?
Responda
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Acetylcholinesterase
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Acetylcholinehydrolase
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Acetylcholinehydratase
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Acetylcholinelyase
Questão 42
Questão
How do we relate cholinergic transmission to pharmacology?
Responda
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Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors reduce Ach breakdown and prolong postsynaptic stimulation
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Ca2+ supplementation increases stimulation
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Na+ supplementation increases stimulation
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Ca2+ release inhibition increases stimulation
Questão 43
Questão
Fill in the blanks below to describe closed angle glaucoma.
1. Aqueous humour drains out of the eye via the canal of [blank_start]Shlemm[blank_end].
2. In closed angle glaucoma, the angle between the i[blank_start]ris[blank_end] and the [blank_start]cornea[blank_end] becomes occluded, meaning drainage is [blank_start]inhibited[blank_end]. This causes pressure buildup in the eye. By administering an [blank_start]acetylcholinesterase[blank_end] inhibitor via eye drops, we can increase [blank_start]cholinergic[blank_end] transmission and [blank_start]contract[blank_end] the ciliary body in order to release tension and create a passage through which humour can drain.
Responda
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Shlemm
-
ris
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cornea
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inhibited
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acetylcholinesterase
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cholinergic
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contract
Questão 44
Questão
How does botulinum toxin inhibit Ach release from the presynaptic neuron?
Responda
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Binds to and degrades SNAP-25 SNARE protein to prevent vesicular fusion
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Binds to and inhibits Ca2+ channels in the synaptic knob to prevent vesicular fusion
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Breaks down acetylcholine
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Allosteric activator of acetylcholinesterase
Questão 45
Questão
Why does the botulinum toxin reduce muscle contraction?
Responda
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Prevents cholinergic stimulation of muscarinic receptors on muscle cells
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Prevents calcium influx into muscle cells
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Stimulates calcium reabsorption into sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells
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Breaks down vesicles to prevent vesicular release
Questão 46
Questão
The autonomic nervous system directly affects peristalsis etc in the GI tract.