Organs of the Endocrine System

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland.

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

What is the anterior pituitary gland also known as?

Which part of the pituitary gland do the paraventricular nuclei project to?

Where would you find the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei?

Which part of the pituitary gland do the supraoptic nuclei project to?

Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of an infundibular stem and the pars nervosa?

Which part of the pituitary gland is formed of the pars distalis and pars tuberalis?

Which part of the pituitary gland mainly secretes ADH and oxytocin?

Which part of the pituitary gland secretes prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH etc?

What do the neurosecretory cells of the pituitary gland release hormones in response to?

What is the function of the Herring bodies found in the terminal ends of the axons of the posterior pituitary glands?

Where will you find pituicytes?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the method of release of hormones by the posterior pituitary gland. 1. [blank_start]Pre-hormones[blank_end] are synthesises in the cell bodies of neurons in the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end]. 2. These pre-hormones are cleaved to yield the [blank_start]functional[blank_end] hormone bound to [blank_start]neurophysin[blank_end]. 3. The hormones are transported down the [blank_start]axons[blank_end] to the axon terminals. 4. Hormones are stored in [blank_start]Herring bodies[blank_end] at the termini. 5. Hormones are released into [blank_start]fenestrated capillaries[blank_end] upon stimulation of cell bodies in the hypothalamus.

In the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis we have acidophils and basophils. Why are acidophils called acidophils?

Why are basophils called basophils?

Growth hormone and pro-lactin are secreted by which type of cell in the adenohypophysis?

TSH, ACTH, FSH and LH are secreted by which cells of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?

Which of the following act as the stem cells for the pars distalis?

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is released by the cells of which part of the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the regulation of secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. 1. The [blank_start]neuroendocrine[blank_end] cells of the [blank_start]hypothalamus[blank_end] project to the [blank_start]median eminence[blank_end]. 2. These cells discharge into the capillaries of the [blank_start]pituitary portal vessels[blank_end]. 3. The hormones they release either stimulate or inhibit the release of [blank_start]hormones[blank_end] from the anterior pituitary.

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

The thyroid gland's lobes are connected by a midline isthmus.

Where will you find the isthmus of the thyroid gland?

The cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland are arranged around a central cavity to form what?

What do the cuboidal epithelial cells of the thyroid gland secrete?

The lumen of the follicles of the thyroid gland is filled with thyroglobulin.

C-cells/parafollicular cells are found at the junctions between follicles of the thyroid gland. What do they secrete?

Calcitonin stimulates calcium mobilisation from bone.

How does the thyroid gland produce and release thyroxine?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. 1. The thyroid [blank_start]follicular[blank_end] cells take up [blank_start]iodide[blank_end]. 2. Iodide is oxidised to [blank_start]iodine[blank_end]. 3. Iodine covalently attaches to [blank_start]tyrosine[blank_end] residues of [blank_start]thyroglobulin[blank_end] within the lumen of the follicle. 4. Iodinated thyroglobulin is broken down in [blank_start]lysosomes[blank_end] to [blank_start]thyroxine[blank_end]. 5. Thyroxine is released into surrounding [blank_start]capillaries[blank_end].

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the anatomy of the thyroid gland.

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the histology of the thyroid gland.

Where are the parathyroid glands found?

How many parathyroid glands do we normally have?

The parathyroid glands are around the size of a pea.

What does parathyroid hormone do?

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland are arranged in irregular cords around capillaries.

Which suprarenal gland is described as having a crescent shape, whilst the other has a pyramidal shape?

The medulla and cortex of the suprarenal glands have differing embryological origins.

Which is the correct order of structures in the suprarenal gland from outermost to innermost?

Drag and drop the correct answers to label the histologies of the cortex of the adrenal gland.

To remember what the different layers of the adrenal cortex secrete, we use the acronym GFR ACT. Fill in the blanks to describe what each layer secretes. The first layer is the zona G[blank_start]lomerulosa[blank_end]. It secretes A[blank_start]ldosterone[blank_end] and other mineralocorticoids. The second layer is the zona F[blank_start]asciculata[blank_end]. It secretes C[blank_start]ortisol[blank_end] and other glucocorticoids. The third layer is the zona R[blank_start]eticularis[blank_end]. It secretes T[blank_start]estosterone[blank_end] and other sex steroid hormones.

Which of the following regulate the zona glomerulosa?

Which of the following regulates the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal gland?

Which of the following regulates the zona reticularis of the suprarenal gland?

Which branch of the nervous system acts upon the adrenal medulla?

Which neurotransmitter stimulates the adrenal medulla?

Drag and drop the correct answers to describe the layers of the suprarenal gland.

What do the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?

What do the B cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?

What do the theta cells of the islets of Langerhans secrete?