2618443
Questão 1
Questão
What is a function of the frontal lobe?
Responda
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Personality
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Visual processing
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Sensory analysis
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Memory
Questão 2
Questão
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Responda
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Personality
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Visual processing
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Memory
-
Sensory analysis
Questão 3
Questão
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
Responda
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Personality
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Memory
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Visual processing
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Sensory analysis
Questão 4
Questão
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
Responda
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Sensory analysis
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Memory
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Visual processing
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Personality
Questão 5
Questão
What is the function of the pyramidal decussation?
Responda
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It supplies motor fibres to the rest of the body
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It connects the cerebellum to the rest of the CNS
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It is part of the ventricular system that produces CSF
Questão 6
Questão
The cerebellar penduncles are the linkage between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 7
Questão
What structures are supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?
Responda
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Frontal lobe
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Parietal lobe
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Temporal lobe
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Occipital lobe
Questão 8
Questão
What structures are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
Responda
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Frontal lobe
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Parietal lobe
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Occipital lobe
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Temporal lobe
Questão 9
Questão
What structures are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
Responda
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Frontal lobe
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Parietal lobe
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Occipital lobe
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Temporal lobe
Questão 10
Questão
99.9% of sound would be lost without the middle ear ossicles that convert air to fluid energy.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 11
Questão
Three tiny muscles attach to the middle ear ossicles to dampen the sound produced by your own body.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 12
Questão
The high surface area of the tympanic membrane gives it high sensitivity so small sounds can be detected.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 13
Questão
What is the correct process in which sound is perceived?
Responda
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Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
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Conduction of soundwave from oval window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes repolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon repolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
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Conduction of soundwave from oral window -> Moves back and dissipates and wobbles the basilar membrane located in the cochlear -> deflects stereocilia that have mechanically gated K+ channels at the tip -> opens them and this causes depolarisation -> Ca2+ entry due to VG Ca2+ opening upon depolarisation -> causes NT release and action potential in sensory neuron -> stereocilia move back to original place after sound has dissipated.
Questão 14
Questão
Which area of the cochlea/basilar membrane are receptive to high and low frequency sounds?
Responda
Questão 15
Questão
Why are lower frequency sounds detected further along the length of the cochlea?
Responda
-
The basilar membrane is narrow and stiff at the base and wide and floppy at the apex and therefore low energy sounds wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
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The basilar membrane is wide and floppy at the base and narrow and stiff at the apex and therefore high energy sounds such as those that are low frequency wobble the apex which is picked up by the brain as a low frequency sound.
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Low frequency sounds have higher energy and travel further along the basilar membrane. This causes deflection of the stereocilia further along the length of the cochlea and therefore detection of low frequency sounds.
Questão 16
Questão
Are inner hair cells myelinated or unmyelinated? What is the benefit of this?
Responda
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Myelinated
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Unmyelinated
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Conduction to the brain is faster
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Conduction to the brain is slowed and has enough time to process the information
Questão 17
Questão
What is the route of transmission of hearing to the brain?
Responda
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Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
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Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> medial geniculate nucleus -> Visual cortex
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Spiral ganglion -> ventral cochlear nucleus (the "splitter") -> inferior colliculus -> lateral geniculate nucleus -> Auditory cortex
Questão 18
Questão
How can the brain cause descending influence to dampen hearing?
Responda
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Attenuation reflex (two tiny muscles)
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Alter sensitivity of outer hair cells
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Thicken the tympanic membrane
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Contract the cochlear to reduce basilar membrane wobble
Questão 19
Questão
What is conductive deafness?
Responda
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Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
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Damaged hair cells that cannot perceive sound anymore
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A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex
Questão 20
Questão
What is sensorineural deafness?
Responda
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Problem with the ossicles of the middle ear
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Damage to the hair cells
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A problem with higher brain centres like the auditory cortex
Questão 21
Questão
What is central deafness?
Responda
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Problems with the ossicles in the middle ear
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Damage to the hair cells
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Problems with higher brain centres such as the auditory cortex
Questão 22
Questão
A cochleal implant effectively emulates the basilar membrane. Low frequency sounds travel further along the implant wiring and high frequency sounds travel a shorter distance and this input can be directly linked to the auditory nerve to stimulate it.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 23
Questão
Taste cells are sensory neurons.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 24
Questão
Salt is detected via gated Na+ channels.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 25
Questão
Upon activation, sour detectors (PKD2L1 and PKD1L3) are depolarised and cause Ca2+ entry etc.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 26
Questão
What tastes are detected by the activation of G-protein coupled receptors?
Responda
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Salt
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Sour
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Umami
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Bitter
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Sweet
Questão 27
Questão
What is the mechanism by which sweet, umami and bitter tastes are detected?
Responda
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Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
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Receptor activated -> associated heterotrimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
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Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex alpha sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
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Receptor activated -> associated heterodimeric complex beta sub unit activated -> activates phospholipase-c-beta2 -> PLC-b2 activates IP3 -> IP3 activates TRPM -> Ca2+ influx -> neurotransmitter release -> sensory neurone excitation -> AP
Questão 28
Questão
Which taste receptor is constant for sweet and umami (NOT PRESENT IN BITTER!)?
Responda
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T1R3
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T2R
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T1R1
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T1R2
Questão 29
Questão
Which taste receptor is variable for sweet?
Responda
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T1R2
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T2R
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T1R1
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T1R3
Questão 30
Questão
Which taste receptor is variable for umami?
Responda
-
T1R1
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T1R2
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T2R
-
T1R3
Questão 31
Questão
Which taste receptor is variable for bitter?
Responda
-
T2R
-
T1R3
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T1R2
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T1R1
Questão 32
Questão
Each taste cell can detect multiple types of taste.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 33
Questão
Where does taste information go to in the CNS?
Responda
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Primary gustatory cortex
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Pre-frontal gustatory cortex
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Frontal cortex
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Hippocampus
Questão 34
Questão
Olfaction is more sensitive than taste.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 35
Questão
What is the mechanism of olfaction?
Responda
-
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
-
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterotrimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
-
Odorant binds -> alpha subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
-
Odorant binds -> beta subunit of heterodimeric complex activated -> alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase -> adenylyl cyclase activates Na+/Ca2+ symporter. Na+ helps with depol and Ca2+ helps with NT release -> Ca2+ activates calcium activated Cl- channel and Cl- is extruded causing further depolarisation.
Questão 36
Questão
Olfactory cells can only be stimulated by one type of odorant each.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 37
Questão
Olfactory cells of the same type converge into a common glomerulus where signals are then carried via the olfactory tract to the brain.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 38
Questão
Olfactory cells are neurones
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 39
Questão
What three areas of the brain detect smell?
Responda
-
Pre-frontal cortex
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Orbitofrontal cortex
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Olfactory cortex
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Thalamus
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Hypothalamus
Questão 40
Questão
Detection of specific odorants requires specific coordination of neurons in the brain which produces smell profiles.
Responda
- True
- False
Questão 41
Questão
The brain never considers taste and smell when trying to fine tune the two senses.
Responda
- True
- False
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