Social Psychology - Experiments

Question 1

Research Methods in Social Psychology

◦ O[blank_start]bservation[blank_end]
◦ S[blank_start]urvey[blank_end]
◦ C[blank_start]orrelation[blank_end]
◦ E[blank_start]xperiments[blank_end] and [blank_start]Quasi[blank_end]-[blank_start]experiment[blank_end]

Accepted Answer

bservation

Accepted Answer

urvey

Accepted Answer

orrelation

Accepted Answer

xperiments

Accepted Answer

Quasi

Accepted Answer

experiment

Question 2

Observation - A type of study in which individuals are observed or certain outcomes are measured.

◦ No attempt is made to affect the [blank_start]outcome[blank_end] (for example, no treatment is given)
◦ You are simply a [blank_start]passive bystander[blank_end], watching behaviour as it unfolds

Varies in methodology:
[blank_start]Casual[blank_end] Observation
◦ ‘People watching’ to gain some sort idea of what is going on
◦ E.g. do parents coach their kids from side-lines at sports matches?

[blank_start]Systematic[blank_end] Observation – behaviour [blank_start]systematically[blank_end] observed & recorded
◦ What percentage of parents coach their kids at matches?
◦ What type of kids receive more coaching?
◦ What type of parents give more coaching?

Varies in setting:
◦ [blank_start]Naturalistic[blank_end] or not

Strengths:
◦ Allows analysis of behaviour in [blank_start]natural[blank_end] setting
◦ Lessens impact of [blank_start]artificial[blank_end] contextual/environmental effects
◦ Useful in [blank_start]early[blank_end] stages of research program

Weakness:
◦ Observations may be [blank_start]biased[blank_end]/not [blank_start]representative[blank_end]
◦ Complex [blank_start]environmental[blank_end] influences
◦ Little or no [blank_start]experimental[blank_end] control
◦ The degree to which the experimenter can [blank_start]reduce[blank_end] the influence of unwanted factors (e.g. extraneous and confounding variables)

Accepted Answer

outcome

Accepted Answer

passive bystander

Accepted Answer

Casual

Accepted Answer

Systematic

Accepted Answer

systematically

Accepted Answer

Naturalistic

Accepted Answer

early

Accepted Answer

natural

Accepted Answer

artificial

Accepted Answer

biased

Accepted Answer

representative

Accepted Answer

environmental

Accepted Answer

experimental

Accepted Answer

reduce

Question 3

Self-report data

[blank_start]Questionnaires[blank_end] completed to gauge personal preferences, beliefs, attitudes etc.
◦ How much time do you spend studying per day? Do you prefer X or Y? What is your favourite X?

Strengths:
◦ Easily [blank_start]administered[blank_end]
◦ Can recruit very large [blank_start]samples[blank_end] (representativeness)
◦ Can provide a lot of [blank_start]information[blank_end]
◦ Low [blank_start]subjectivity[blank_end] in interpretation

Weaknesses
◦ [blank_start]Self-report[blank_end] bias
◦ Content [blank_start]sensitivity[blank_end]
◦ Participant [blank_start]engagement[blank_end]
◦ Applicable to only to limited range of [blank_start]research[blank_end] topics

Accepted Answer

Questionnaires

Accepted Answer

administered

Accepted Answer

samples

Accepted Answer

information

Accepted Answer

subjectivity

Accepted Answer

Self-report

Accepted Answer

sensitivity

Accepted Answer

engagement

Accepted Answer

research

Question 4

Correlational Studies

Investigate the [blank_start]relationships[blank_end] between two or more [blank_start]variables[blank_end]
◦ Does income correlate with happiness?
◦ Does time spent in the library correlate with grades?
◦ Does IQ predict physical health?

[blank_start]Positive[blank_end] correlation (same)
◦ As you study more – grades increase

[blank_start]Negative[blank_end] correlation (inverse)
◦ As men live longer – less hair

No correlation
◦ No apparent relationships between variables (e.g. litres of orange juice consumed per day and number of shoes owned)

Strengths:
◦ Allows general [blank_start]predictions[blank_end]
◦ Can indicate a causal [blank_start]relationship[blank_end]
◦ Facilitates collection of larger [blank_start]datasets[blank_end] (compared to experimentation)
◦ Provides strong [blank_start]starting[blank_end] point for further experimentation

Weakness:
◦ Does not prove [blank_start]cause[blank_end] and effect
◦ Can not explain [blank_start]relationships[blank_end] (only identify their presence)
◦ Correlation may be [blank_start]spurious[blank_end]
◦ Correlations may be mediated by a [blank_start]confounding[blank_end] variable

Accepted Answer

variables

Accepted Answer

relationships

Accepted Answer

Positive

Accepted Answer

Negative

Accepted Answer

predictions

Accepted Answer

relationship

Accepted Answer

datasets

Accepted Answer

starting

Accepted Answer

cause

Accepted Answer

relationships

Accepted Answer

spurious

Accepted Answer

confounding

Question 5

Experiment

An experiment is a scientific test which is done in order to discover what happens to something in particular [blank_start]conditions[blank_end]
- involves the [blank_start]manipulation[blank_end] of an [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable and the [blank_start]measurement[blank_end] of its effect on a [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable
◦ E.g. Compare the Maths test grades of two group of students, one of which received study skills training while the other completed extra Math classes

- Compares the effect of different [blank_start]conditions[blank_end] (in which the [blank_start]independent[blank_end] variable is modified) on the [blank_start]dependent[blank_end] variable by [blank_start]comparing[blank_end] groups
◦ [blank_start]Experimental[blank_end] group - Group which receives a given intervention (e.g. Maths classes)
◦ [blank_start]Control[blank_end] group - Group which receives no intervention or an intervention not believed to have an effect ([blank_start]passive[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]active[blank_end] control)

Types of variables:
[blank_start]Independent[blank_end] (IV)
◦ the variable being manipulated (e.g. intervention type)

[blank_start]Dependent[blank_end] (DV)
◦ the variable of interest being measured (e.g. test grades)

[blank_start]Confounding[blank_end]
◦ a ‘hidden’ or ‘unknown’ variable which actually explains the relationship between the ind. and dep. variables

[blank_start]Extraneous[blank_end]
◦ other aspects of the environment that may influence results (e.g. time of testing, environment factors)

Accepted Answer

conditions

Accepted Answer

manipulation

Accepted Answer

independent

Accepted Answer

measurement

Accepted Answer

dependent

Accepted Answer

conditions

Accepted Answer

independent

Accepted Answer

dependent

Accepted Answer

comparing

Accepted Answer

Experimental

Accepted Answer

Control

Accepted Answer

passive

Accepted Answer

active

Accepted Answer

Independent

Accepted Answer

Dependent

Accepted Answer

Confounding

Accepted Answer

Extraneous

Question 6

Criteria for good experiment

[blank_start]Representative[blank_end] sample
◦ Always study the type of people who are relevant to your research question

Random [blank_start]selection[blank_end] & [blank_start]assignment[blank_end]
◦ Ensure groups are roughly equal on variables relevant to the study

Include [blank_start]control[blank_end] group

Avoid [blank_start]confounding[blank_end] variables

Avoid [blank_start]demand[blank_end] characteristics
◦ Sometimes, participants ‘give the experimenter what they think he/she wants

Avoid experimenter [blank_start]bias[blank_end]
◦ Data must be analysed objectively, without a ‘preferred’ result

Accepted Answer

Representative

Accepted Answer

selection

Accepted Answer

assignment

Accepted Answer

control

Accepted Answer

confounding

Accepted Answer

demand

Accepted Answer

bias

Question 7

Experiment Strengths & Weaknesses

Strengths:
◦ Allows [blank_start]experimental[blank_end] control
◦ Facilitates [blank_start]identification[blank_end] of cause & effect
◦ Can indicate a [blank_start]causal[blank_end] relationship
◦ Gives arguably the “[blank_start]richest[blank_end]” data

Weakness:
◦ Behaviour may be [blank_start]altered[blank_end] by experimental setting
◦ Results may not [blank_start]generalise[blank_end]
◦ Experimenter effects
    - [blank_start]Demand[blank_end] characteristics
    - Experimenter [blank_start]bias[blank_end]

Accepted Answer

experimental

Accepted Answer

identification

Accepted Answer

causal

Accepted Answer

richest

Accepted Answer

altered

Accepted Answer

generalise

Accepted Answer

Demand

Accepted Answer

bias

Próximo

Social Psychology - Experiments

Descrição

Semelhante

	Criado por Thomas Fanning mais de 4 anos atrás