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123
Joseph Jung
Quiz por Joseph Jung, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Joseph Jung
Criado por Joseph Jung aproximadamente 3 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
This molecule is a product from:
Image:
Hgfd (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
  • glycolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • hexose phosphate pathway
  • anaerobic fermentation
  • beta-oxidation

Questão 2

Questão
The circled carbon position is:
Image:
Hgfd (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 1

Questão 3

Questão
The molecule can be used to produce glucose in gluconeogenesis is:
Image:
Bvcc (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D

Questão 4

Questão
The molecule which facilitates the transport of fatty acyl-CoA into the mitochondria is:
Image:
Bvcc (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D

Questão 5

Questão
The molecule produced by acetyl CoA carboxylase for fatty acid synthesis is:
Image:
Bvcc (binary/octet-stream)
Responda
  • A
  • B
  • C
  • D

Questão 6

Questão
The one whose cell surface localization is enhanced by insulin signaling pathway is?
Responda
  • Glut1
  • Glut2
  • Glut3
  • Glut4
  • SGLT

Questão 7

Questão
Which one is expressed abundantly on neuronal cells?
Responda
  • Glut1
  • Glut2
  • Glut3
  • Glut4
  • SGLT

Questão 8

Questão
Which one has a large Km and expressed mainly in hepatocytes and pancreatic alpha/beta-cells?
Responda
  • Glut1
  • Glut2
  • Glut3
  • Glut4
  • SGLT

Questão 9

Questão
Which one is abundantly expressed in red blood cells to ensure supply of glucose to erythrocytes?
Responda
  • Glut1
  • Glut2
  • Glut3
  • Glut4
  • SGLT

Questão 10

Questão
In which compartment of cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Responda
  • soluble cytoplasm (cytosol)
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • Golgi complex
  • Mitochondrion (beta oxidation)
  • nucleus

Questão 11

Questão
After entering cells, the immediate product of the first reaction catalyzed by hexokinase is
Responda
  • glucose 6-phosphate
  • Fructose 1-phosphate
  • glucose 1-phosphate
  • Fructose 6-phosphate
  • glucose 3-phosphate

Questão 12

Questão
The major pathway responsible for maintaining blood glucose level 48 hours after a regular meal is:
Responda
  • pentose phosphate pathway, non-oxidative phase
  • glycolysis
  • gluconeogenesis
  • glycogenolysis
  • glycogenesis

Questão 13

Questão
At 50 hours after a regular meal, in addition to glucose, another major carbon fuel supplied by liver to neurons is:
Responda
  • amino acids
  • fatty acids
  • fructose
  • ketone bodies
  • acetyl CoA

Questão 14

Questão
The most important rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis is
Responda
  • pyruvate kinase(also involved)
  • glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase
  • Hexokinases(also invoved)
  • phosphoglycerate kinase
  • phosphofructose kinase 1(PFK1)

Questão 15

Questão
General effects of glucagon (increase blood glucose level) on skeletal muscle include:
Responda
  • glycolysis increases
  • glycogen synthesis is stimulated
  • glycogen synthase activity increases(sysnthsis more glycogren)
  • glycated myoglobin increases (high levelm of glucose level)
  • glycogen breakdown increases

Questão 16

Questão
When glucagon (need more glucose) binds to cell surface receptors, which of the following response is unlikely?
Responda
  • hepatocytes: glycogen breakdown will be stimulated
  • adipocytes: fatty acid synthesis will be stimulated
  • adipocytes: fatty acid release will be stimulated
  • hepatocytes: gluconeogenesis will be accelerated
  • skeletal muscle: glycogen breakdown will be stimulated

Questão 17

Questão
Under anaerobic condition, one of the products of the glycolysis, pyruvate, is converted to lactate. The biological importance of this reaction is:
Responda
  • To increase lactate levels in cells in order to enhance the expression of lactate dehydrogenase.
  • Lactate can reduce the intracellular pH, which helps the cell survival
  • This process is directly coupled with substrate level phosphorylation, hence making ATP
  • To oxidize NADH to NAD+, a required cofactor for glycolysis; so ATP production via glycolysis can continue
  • Without oxygen, neurons use lactate as a fuel supply

Questão 18

Questão
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is mainly located:
Responda
  • on the mitochondrial inner membrane
  • in the smooth ER
  • in the peroxisomes
  • in the mitochondrial matrix
  • in the cytosol

Questão 19

Questão
Ketone bodies can be utilized by the following organs, except for:
Responda
  • brain
  • liver
  • heart
  • skeletal muscle
  • kidney

Questão 20

Questão
Deficiency of fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase may lead to:
Responda
  • infant sudden death
  • infant diabetes
  • malabsorption of essential fatty acids
  • stearate diarrhea
  • vitamin D insufficiency

Questão 21

Questão
The following molecules are involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, except for:
Responda
  • Pyruvate carboxylase (coveert to oxdiatate)
  • malonyl CoA
  • fatty acid synthase (FAS)
  • acetyl CoA carboxylase
  • malic enzyme (in the cytochrome, cutralic get cleaved,use4d NADP as a cofator)

Questão 22

Questão
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes uses several cofactors which require the following vitamins as precursor, except for:
Responda
  • vitamin B3
  • vitamin B5(co A)
  • vitamin B2
  • vitamin B1
  • vitamin B6

Questão 23

Questão
When some amino acids are utilized as carbon sources, the first step is to remove the amino group by transamination with alpha-KG, which requires a cofactor derived from
Responda
  • vitamin B6
  • vitamin B5
  • vitamin B7
  • Vitamin B1
  • vitamin B3

Questão 24

Questão
The catabolism of odd-numbered fatty acids requires the following vitamins, except for:
Responda
  • vitamin B2
  • vitamin B3
  • vitamin B12
  • vitamin B7
  • vitamin B1

Questão 25

Questão
Which of the following statements regarding oxidation of fatty acids for ATP production is incorrect?
Responda
  • The acyl-CoA needs translocation into mitochondrial matrix
  • The first step is ATP-dependent activation of fatty acids to form acyl-CoA, using two ATP equivalent per fatty acid molecule.
  • The translocation step needs carnitine and translocases, also known as CAT, which is rate-limiting
  • The beta-oxidation enzymes are generally located in the mitochondrial matrix
  • unsaturated fatty acids cannot be catabolized by beta-oxidation (CAN be)

Questão 26

Questão
Glycogen storage disease may be caused by the deficiency of the following enzymes, except for:
Responda
  • glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase
  • glycogen synthase
  • lysosomal glycosidase
  • branching enzyme
  • glycogen phosphorylase

Questão 27

Questão
Pancreas (endocrine, extrocine) is important for human metabolism because it produces the following, except for:
Responda
  • glucocorticoids
  • lipases
  • glucagon
  • protease
  • insulin

Questão 28

Questão
The rate limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis is:
Responda
  • malonyl CoA association with fatty acid synthase (FAS)
  • acetyl CoA carboxylation by ACC to form malonyl CoA
  • citrate break down by citrate lyase to form acetyl CoA and OAA in the cytosol
  • dehydrogenation of malate in the cytosol by malic enzyme
  • the final step, release of palmitate from FAS

Questão 29

Questão
About glycogenin expression and subcellular localization the right combination is:
Responda
  • myocyte: endoplasmic reticulum
  • cardiac myocyte: peroxisome
  • hepatocyte: cytosol
  • adipocyte: mitochondrion
  • myocyte: mitochondrion(of myocyte and cytosol then this answer could be right)

Questão 30

Questão
Which of the following enzymes has the least influence on the speed of glycolytic pathway?
Responda
  • phosphoglycerate mutase
  • pyruvate kinase
  • hexose kinase
  • phosphofructose kinase 1
  • phosphofructose kinase 2

Questão 31

Questão
About AMPK, which one of the following statements is incorrect?
Responda
  • Exercise may activate its activity in myocytes (muscle cells)
  • It synergizes with insulin, and represses the expression of PEPCK in hepatocyte
  • It is an intracellular energy sensor regulating the energy metabolism at the cellular level
  • It is a molecule binds and synergizes with insulin to promote glycolysis in multiple tissues (binds is wrongs)
  • It is a protein kinase activated by increased level of AMP in cells

Questão 32

Questão
The rate of pentose phosphate pathway is limited by G6PD activity, which is allosterically inhibited by:
Responda
  • Decrease of intracellular NADPH levels
  • Decrease of mitochondrial NADPH levels
  • Increase of ribose-phosphate levels
  • Increase of intracellular NADPH levels
  • Decrease of ribose phosphate levels

Questão 33

Questão
Reduced glutathione (GSH) level has been reported to be critical for the recovery of Covid-19 patients. Low intracellular levels of NADPH may cause:
Responda
  • high level of GSH, high level of GSSG
  • irrelevant to the levels of GSH and GSSG
  • high level of GSH, low level of GSSG
  • low level of GSH, high level of GSSG
  • low level of GSH, low level of GSSG

Questão 34

Questão
Which of the following statements about lipid digestion and absorption is NOT correct?
Responda
  • chylomicron carries a protein called Apo protein B100 on its surface
  • chylomicrons will be transported to the circulation via lymph duct
  • malabsorption causes lack of essential fatty acids and lipid soluble vitamins
  • digestion needs lipases secreted by pancreas and bile juice from gallbladder
  • absorbed lipids will be incorporated into chylomicrons, which is released by intestinal mucosa

Questão 35

Questão
During starvation, AMP increase in hepatocytes indicates ATP depletion which stimulates AMPK activity. A well-known activity of AMPK is to phosphorylate acetyl CoA carboxylase.(inhibate fatty acid systhesis) This phosphorylation will:
Responda
  • block glycolysis
  • decrease fatty acid synthesis
  • inhibit TCA cycle
  • stimulate acetyl CoA carboxylase activity
  • Increase fatty acid synthesis

Questão 36

Questão
After an Italian spaghetti meal an increase of blood glucose levels to 12 mM will significantly increase the activity of:
Responda
  • Glut3
  • Glut1 and Glut3
  • Glut1
  • Glut1, Glut 2 and Glut3
  • Glut2

Questão 37

Questão
Fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate is:
Responda
  • An intermediate product of catabolism of fructose to generate ATP
  • An intermediate metabolite in fatty acid synthesis
  • An intermediate product of glycolysis which promote the release of O2
  • A waste byproduct of the glycolytic pathway
  • A regulatory molecule that allosterically stimulates PFK1 activity and the glycolytic pathway

Questão 38

Questão
Completely oxidation of one mole of hexanoyl CoA (an 6C, fully saturated fatty acyl CoA) in mitochondrion maximally may generate:
Responda
  • 8 mole ATP
  • 38 mole ATP
  • 42 mole ATP
  • 30 mole ATP
  • 12 mole ATP

Questão 39

Questão
Historically, which term was used to indicate the glycolytic processes in normal eukaryotic cells?
Responda
  • The Pasteur Effect
  • The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP Pathway)
  • The Warburg Effect
  • The Krebs Effect
  • The Entner–Doudoroff Pathway (ED Pathway)

Questão 40

Questão
For fatty acid biosynthesis, each round contains four reactions. Which of the following accurately describes the four reactions in the correct order?
Responda
  • Condensation-reduction-hydration-reduction
  • Condensation-dehydrogenation-reduction, reduction
  • Condensation-reduction-dehydration-reduction
  • Condensation-reduction-dehydrogenation-reduction
  • Dehydrogenation, condensation, dehydration, reduction

Questão 41

Questão
In pentose phosphate pathway, after two steps of oxidation, the end products from one molecule of G6P will be:
Responda
  • one NADH, one NADPH and one ribose phosphate
  • two NADH and one pentose phosphate
  • one NADPH and one pentose phosphate
  • two NADPH and two pentose phosphate
  • two NADPH and one pentose phosphate

Questão 42

Questão
In a lipogenic liver, the beta oxidation pathway is repressed mainly by:
Responda
  • Increased level of malonyl CoA, which represses CAT activity, thus slowing down the translocation of acyl-CoA to mitochondria
  • Increased glucagon level, thus promoting the utilization of glucose, repressing utilization of fatty acids
  • Increase of Ca++ in mitochondrial matrix, which speed up TCA cycle and increased ATP inhibits beta-oxidation
  • Lack of ATP, fatty acids cannot be activated
  • Lipogenesis depletes ATP, which activates AMPK and inhibits energy consumption, so cell does not need a fast beta oxidation

Questão 43

Questão
Generally, the effects of epinephrine (adrenaline) (make atp in skeletal muscle) on hepatocytes (increase glucose level to sketel mucscle) may include:
Responda
  • inhibiting glycogen breakdown
  • enhancing glycogen synthase activity
  • inhibiting glycolysis
  • stimulating glycogen synthesis
  • inhibiting glucogenolysis

Questão 44

Questão
Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of events of beta-oxidation of fatty acyl CoA in mitochondria?
Responda
  • dehydrogenation-dehydrogenation-hydration-cleavage
  • dehydrogenation-hydration-dehydrogenation-cleavage
  • dehydrogenation-hydration-dehydration -cleavage
  • dehydrogenation-dehydration-dehydrogenation-cleavage
  • hydration-dehydrogenation-dehydrogenation-cleavage

Questão 45

Questão
In gluconeogenesis, how many moles of ATP are required to synthesize one mole glucose from 2 moles of OAA?
Responda
  • 12
  • 8
  • 4
  • 2
  • 6

Questão 46

Questão
The mobilization and utilization of endogenous TAG may not include:
Responda
  • beta-oxidation, resulting in cleavage by thiolase to form acetyl CoA in mitochondrion
  • ATP-dependent activation of free fatty acid to form acyl-CoA in the cytosol
  • insulin signaling activates hormone sensitive lipase on white adipose tissue (adipocytes), which releases fatty acids
  • transport free fatty acids by the circulatory system to cells which need fatty acids as fuel
  • translocation of acyl-CoA into mitochondria, a carnitine-dependent process

Questão 47

Questão
Which of the following carbon sources cannot be used in gluconeogenesis?
Responda
  • OAA from aspartate catabolism
  • riboses from pentose pathway
  • acetyl CoA from beta oxidation
  • glycerol-3 phosphate released from breakdown of phospholipids
  • alpha-ketoglutarate from glutamate and glutamine catabolism

Questão 48

Questão
About insulin, which of the following statement is NOT correct?
Responda
  • its target organs/tissues include liver, muscle and adipose
  • its release is triggered by increased ATP levels in β cells
  • it promotes glycogen phosphorolysis and glycolysis to generate large amount of ATP in muscle (not promote glycogen phosphorolysis)
  • it may regulate the expression of metabolic enzymes.
  • it is produced by pancreatic β cells

Questão 49

Questão
Insulin stimulates PI3K-PKB pathway, which may lead to:
Responda
  • converting phosphorylated glucose to glucose
  • converting glycogen phosphorylase a to phosphorylase b
  • converting glycogen synthase a to glycogen synthase b
  • increasing internalized Glut4
  • converting glycogen phosphorylase b to phosphorylase a

Questão 50

Questão
Some steps in the glycolytic pathway cannot be simply reversed in gluconeogenesis, thus need bypassing by different enzymes; these steps include the following, except for:
Responda
  • hexokinase-catalyzed formation of G6P
  • pyruvate kinase-catalyzed formation of pyruvate
  • PFK1-catalyzed formation of F1,6BP
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate, accompanied by substrate level phosphorylation
  • F1,6BP broken by aldolase

Questão 51

Questão
About ketone bodies, which of the following statement is not correct?
Responda
  • are produced by hepatocytes
  • can be used by all tissues, such as neurons and hepatocytes
  • is an alternative fuel, particularly important for brain
  • are produced from acetyl CoA
  • overproduction of ketone bodies may occur in diabetic patients, even with hyperglycemia

Questão 52

Questão
Which process is NOT considered a general function of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Responda
  • The production of pentose phosphate for biosynthesis of some cofactors
  • the production of NADPH to help prevent oxidative stress in erythrocytes
  • The transfer of electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production
  • the production of pentoses necessary for nucleotide synthesis
  • the production of NADPH for reductive biosynthesis in adipose cells

Questão 53

Questão
In humans, the Cori cycle is an example of metabolic coordination among active skeletal muscle, the circulatory system and liver. Which two metabolic pathways are involved in this cycle?
Responda
  • gluconeogenesis in muscle and glycogenolysis in liver
  • glycolysis in muscle and gluconeogenesis in liver
  • glycolysis in muscle and the pentose phosphate pathway in liver
  • pentose phosphate pathway in muscle and gluconeogenesis in liver
  • beta-oxidation in muscle and ketogenesis in liver

Questão 54

Questão
In some cell types, insulin signaling will triggers the glucose transporter 4 translocating to the cell membrane, hence increasing the transport of glucose into cells. Which cell types respond to insulin in this manner?
Responda
  • hepatocytes and skeletal myocytes
  • erythrocytes and neurons
  • erythrocytes and adipocytes
  • skeletal myocytes and adipocytes
  • neurons and the hepatocytes

Questão 55

Questão
Under anaerobic conditions, yeast performs two additional steps after glycolysis; which convert pyruvate to ethanol. What is the purpose served by these two additional steps in the metabolism of yeast cells?
Responda
  • They know our students like beer.
  • They are required to complete the oxidation of glucose and maximizing ATP production
  • They are required to re-oxidize limited amounts of NADH to NAD+ and decrease pyruvate level, thus sustaining continuous glycolysis to ensure ATP production
  • They are required to remove pyruvate, ensuring ATP production.
  • They are required to oxidize NADH to generate ATP

Questão 56

Questão
Which of the following carbon sources cannot be used in gluconeogenesis in human cells?
Responda
  • succinyl-CoA
  • aspartate
  • palmitate
  • glutamate
  • alanine

Questão 57

Questão
Which statement is accurate, regarding fatty acids stored in adipocytes?
Responda
  • They are part of the cell components, and cannot be oxidized for energy in this tissue.
  • They are primarily bound to albumin and stored in lipid droplets.
  • There is a constant movement of fatty acids in and out of adipose tissues, which is independent of hormone signals.
  • Upon glucagon signaling, fatty acids are converted into ketone bodies in adipocytes
  • In adipocytes, fatty acids up-taken from the bloodstream are assembled into triglycerides by directly esterifying to glycerol.

Questão 58

Questão
Which statement is INCORRECT regarding the transport of long-chained fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix?
Responda
  • The cytosolic and mitochondrial matrix pools of coenzyme A are separated by biomembranes
  • It is not a rate-limiting step in the oxidation of these fatty acids.
  • Once these fatty acyl molecules are in the matrix, carnitine can be transported out of mitochondria.
  • It is inhibited by the increase of malonyl-CoA levels
  • Patients with a carnitine deficiency are likely to have impaired betaoxidation of fatty acids

Questão 59

Questão
For catabolism of the amino acids with hydroxyl groups, the amino groups are usually removed by:
Responda
  • decarboxylation initiated deaminination
  • hydrolysis to remove α-amino group
  • transamination to remove α-amino group
  • dehydration initiated deamination
  • oxidative deamination

Questão 60

Questão
Pentose phosphate pathway has two phases: the oxidative phase and the non-oxidative phase.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 61

Questão
PLP is a cofactor required for glycogen phosphorylase activity, which is derived from vitamin B6.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 62

Questão
Human fatty acid synthase is an enzyme complex of 7 subunits, each with a specialized activity. ( for human we have 1 only)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 63

Questão
beta-oxidation of fatty acids also occurs in peroxisomes, which similarly has ETC to make ATP. N(peroxisome do not have ETC)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 64

Questão
The oxidized glutathione protects enzymes from oxidative damage. (used reduced)
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 65

Questão
G6P phosphatase is an enzyme specifically expressed in hepatocytes.
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 66

Questão
Completely oxidation of one mole of hexanoyl CoA (an 6C, fully saturated fatty acyl CoA) in mitochondrion maximally may generate:
Responda
  • 30 mole ATP
  • 32 mole ATP
  • 42 mole ATP
  • 48 mole ATP
  • 38 mole ATP

Questão 67

Questão
Each round of beta-oxidation has 4 steps. The correct order of the four steps are:
Responda
  • dehydrogenation to generate FADH2, Reduction, dehydrogenation to generate NADH, cleavage to for to acetyl CoA and a new acyl CoA.
  • dehydrogenation to generate FADH2, Hydration, dehydrogenation to generate NADH, cleavage to for to acetyl CoA and a new acyl CoA.
  • dehydrogenation to generate NADH, Hydration, dehydrogenation to generate FADH2, cleavage to for to acetyl CoA and a new acyl CoA.
  • dehydrogenation to generate FADH2, dehydration, dehydrogenation to generate NADH, cleavage to for to acetyl CoA and a new acyl CoA.

Questão 68

Questão
For beta oxidation of fatty acids as energy, the rate limiting step is:
Responda
  • transportation into mitochondria
  • biosynthesis of fatty acyl CoA in the mitochondria
  • Activation by ATP
  • biosynthesis of fatty acyl-CoA in the cytosol
  • Fatty acyl CoA dehydrogenation

Questão 69

Questão
Regarding propionyl-CoA metabolism, which of the following statement is incorrect?
Responda
  • Propionyl-CoA is a rare metabolite, which cannot be further catabolized by human cells, thus being disposed by urine
  • further converting methylmalonyl-Coa to succinyl-CoA depends on vitamin B12
  • Propionyl-CoA may arise from diet, or catabolism of fatty acids and some amino acids.
  • Propionyl-CoA (3C) can be converted to Methylmainyl-CoA (4C) after a carboxylation reaction facilitated by vitamin B7
  • The structure of vitamin B12 is very complicate and contains cobalt.

Questão 70

Questão
In glycolysis pathway, the energy released during the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is harvested or stored by:
Responda
  • ATP and NADH
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • phosphoenolpyruvate

Questão 71

Questão
Biochemical features of glycolysis include the following, except for:
Responda
  • High fuel efficiency
  • oxygen-independent
  • electron-transport chain independent
  • mitochondrion-independent
  • Rapid production of ATP

Questão 72

Questão
About the overall steps of digestion and absorbtion of dietary fatty acids, which of the following is correct?
Responda
  • After absorption to mucosa cells, free fatty acids are used to re-synthesize TAG, which is then packed into chylomicron.
  • chylomicron is transported to liver via portal vein, an via hepatic vein to reach circulation
  • Fat digested to free fatty acids, which are absorbed into mucosa cells and released into blood circulation directly.
  • chylomicron is purely compose of lipids, without protein components.

Questão 73

Questão
In amino acid catabolism, amino-transferases remove the alpha-amino groups in transamination reactions. This type of enzymes requires an important cofactor derived from:
Responda
  • B3
  • B2
  • B5
  • B6
  • B12

Questão 74

Questão
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains 3 enzymatic activities, sequentially named E1,E2 and E3. Which of the following description of the E1-E3 is correct?
Responda
  • E1: pyruvate dehydrogenase; E1: pyruvate transacetylase; E3: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
  • E1: pyruvate decarboxylase; E2: dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; E3: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
  • E1: pyruvate dehydrogenase; E2: dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; E3: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
  • E1: pyruvate dehydrogenase; E2: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; E3: dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
  • E1: dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; E2: dihydrolipoyl transacetylase; E3: pyruvate dehydrogenase

Questão 75

Questão
Historically, which term was used to indicate the glycolytic processes in normal eukaryotic cells?
Responda
  • The Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP Pathway)
  • The Warburg Effect
  • The Pasteur Effect
  • The Krebs Effect
  • The Entner-Doudoroff Pathway (ED Pathway)

Questão 76

Questão
After uptaking into cardiomyocyte, a 18C-fatty acid will be likely utilized in the following order:
Responda
  • Synthesized into fatty acyl CoA, transported into, Activation by ATP, beta-oxidation to generate Acetyl coA
  • Activation by ATP in cytosol, converting to Fatty acyl CoA, transported into mitochondrion, beta-oxidation to generate Acetyl coA
  • Activation by ATP in cytosol, converting to Fatty acyl CoA, beta-oxidation to generate Acetyl coA, transporting acetyl coA into mitochondrion
  • Activation by ATP in cytosol, transported into mitochondrion, converting to Fatty acyl CoA, beta-oxidation to generate Acetyl coA
  • Transported into mitochondrion, activation by ATP, converting to fatty acyl CoA, beta-oxidation to generate Acetyl coA

Questão 77

Questão
For catabolism of the amino acids with hydroxyl groups, the amino groups are usually removed by:
Responda
  • dehydration initiated deamination
  • transamination to remove a-amino group
  • hydrolysis to remove a-amino group
  • decarboxylation initiated deaminination
  • oxidative deamination

Questão 78

Questão
The catabolism of odd-numbered fatty acids requires the following vitamins, except for:
Responda
  • B1
  • B2
  • B3
  • B7
  • B12

Questão 79

Questão
About anaerobic glycolysis, which of the following statement is incorrect?
Responda
  • In human cells, anaerobic glycolysis generates alcohol, which later on degraded by alcohol dehydrogenase to acetaldehyde upon reoxygenation.
  • Anaerobic glycolysis in human cells generates lactate, not alcohol
  • Anaerobic glycolysis to produce ATP is developed earlier than oxidative phosphorylation method evolutionarily.
  • in some bacteria, anaerobic glycolysis generates lactate to recover NAD+ (oxidized)
  • In yeast, anaerobic glycolysis generates alcohol to regenerated NAD+ (oxidized)

Questão 80

Questão
The most important regulatory enzyme of glycolytic pathway is:
Responda
  • phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK1), which converts F6P to F1,6BP.
  • phosphoglycerate kinase, which catalyzes the first production of ATP
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phospate dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the generation of NADH
  • Aldolase A, which breaks the 6C hexose-phosphate to 3C triose phosphate
  • pyruvate kinase, which chatalyzes the 2nd production of ATP

Questão 81

Questão
In gluconeogenesis, the rate limiting enzymes are:
Responda
  • phosphofructose kinase 1
  • PEP carboxykinase
  • pyruvate kinase
  • pyruvate carboxylase
  • F1,6 bisphosphatase

Questão 82

Questão
Fatty acid biosynthesis requires high concentrations of NADPH. Which compartment of human cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?
Responda
  • Golgi complex
  • endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  • mitochondrion
  • soluble cytoplasm (cytosol)
  • nucleus

Questão 83

Questão
The rate limiting step of fatty acid synthesis is:
Responda
  • condensation of malony-CoA with growing fatty acyl chain
  • beta oxidation to generate acetyl CoA as substrates
  • transfer citrate out of mitochondria
  • recognizing and binding malonyl CoA by Acyl carrier protein (ACP)
  • carboxylation of acetyl CoA to form malonyl CoA

Questão 84

Questão
Glycogen storage disease may be caused by the deficiency of the following enzymes, except for:
Responda
  • lysosomal glycosidase
  • branching enzyme
  • glycogen synthase
  • glycogen phosphorylase
  • glycerol 3-P dehydrogenase

Questão 85

Questão
Deficiency of a fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase may lead to:
Responda
  • infant sudden death
  • vitamin D insufficiency
  • malabsorption of essential fatty acids
  • stearate diarrhea
  • infant diabetes

Questão 86

Questão
About glycogenin expression and subcellular localization the right combination is:
Responda
  • myocyte: mitochondrion
  • cardiac myocyte: peroxisome
  • hepatocyte: mitochondrion
  • hepatocyte: cytosol
  • myocyte: endoplasmic reticulum

Questão 87

Questão
Completely oxidizing a G6P to 6CO2 via the pentose pathway may result in:
Responda
  • 4 NADPH
  • 8 NADPH
  • 6 NADPH
  • 12 NADPH
  • 2 NADPH

Questão 88

Questão
For fatty acid biosynthesis, each round contains four reactions. Which of the following correctly describes the four reactions in the correct sequence?
Responda
  • Condensation-reduction-dehydrogenation-reduction
  • Dehydrogenation, condensation, dehydration, reduction
  • Condensation-dehydrogenation-reduction, reduction
  • Condensation-reduction-dehydration-reduction
  • Condensation-reduction-hydration-reduction

Questão 89

Questão
The major products of pentose pathway with important biological roles is/are:
Responda
  • NADPH
  • pentose phosphate
  • erythrose 4-phosphate
  • NADPH and pentose phosphate
  • NADPH, pentose phophate and erythrose 4-phosphate

Questão 90

Questão
1. The single most important enzyme involved in glycogen synthesis is:
Responda
  • phosphoglucomutase
  • Glycogen synthetase
  • Glycogen synthase
  • UDP-Sugar Pyrophosphorylase
  • glycogen branching enzyme

Questão 91

Questão
Hepatocytes synthesize fatty acids, and most of the fatty acids are esterified into TAG, which will be:
Responda
  • released to circulation directly and carried by plasma proteins
  • carried by a lipoprotein called VLDL through the circulation
  • carried by a lipoprotein called LDL through the circulation
  • carried by either VLDL or chylomicron through the circulation
  • carried by a lipoprotien called chylomicron through the circulation

Questão 92

Questão
In most cells, reduced glutathione is used to protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. The most important metabolic pathway that maintains the intracellular levels of reduced glutathione is:
Responda
  • pentose pathway
  • glycolytic pathway
  • krebs cycle
  • gluconeogenesis
  • fatty acid beta oxidation

Questão 93

Questão
After biosynthesis, palmitate can be elongated to stearate in either mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. Both palmitate or stearate can be modified by desaturation at delta9, which is catalyzed by an enzyme located at:
Responda
  • mitochondria
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • cytosol
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • cell surface

Questão 94

Questão
Glycolysis contains 10 steps, among which 7 steps are reversible and 3 steps are not reversible in glyconeogenesis. The three non-reversible steps are:
Responda
  • A. hexokinase catalyzed Glucose to G6P
  • B. phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzed F6P to F1, 6BP
  • C. Pyruvate kinase catalyzed PEP to enol pyruvate
  • A, B, and C
  • A and B

Questão 95

Questão
The most important substrate/s for gluconeogenesis upon starvation is/are:
Responda
  • carbon skeletons from catabolism of most amino acids
  • fatty acids from TAG break down
  • propionyl-CoA from catabolism of odd-numbered fatty acids
  • glycerol from TAG breakdown
  • acetyl CoA from fatty acid beta-oxidation

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