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Ch. 3 electrolytes

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patho 1 Quiz sobre Ch. 3 electrolytes , criado por Esmeralda Espitia em 04-02-2022.
Esmeralda Espitia
Quiz por Esmeralda Espitia, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Esmeralda Espitia
Criado por Esmeralda Espitia quase 3 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
1. Why are infants most susceptible to significant losses in total body water?
Responda
  • a. High body surface-to-body size ratio
  • b. Slow metabolic rate
  • c. Kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluid losses
  • d. Inability to communicate adequately when he or she is thirsty

Questão 2

Questão
2. Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?
Responda
  • a. Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling.
  • b. The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults.
  • c. The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults.
  • d. The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.

Questão 3

Questão
3. A patient’s blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO3) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO2) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?
Responda
  • a. Respiratory alkalosis
  • b. Metabolic acidosis
  • c. Respiratory acidosis
  • d. Metabolic alkalosis

Questão 4

Questão
4. Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?
Responda
  • a. Osmotic forces
  • b. Plasma oncotic pressure
  • c. Antidiuretic hormone
  • d. Hydrostatic forces

Questão 5

Questão
5. In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?
Responda
  • a. Oncotic pressure
  • b. Buffering
  • c. Net filtration
  • d. Hydrostatic pressure

Questão 6

Questão
6. Venous obstruction is a cause of edema because of an increase in which pressure?
Responda
  • a. Capillary hydrostatic
  • b. Interstitial hydrostatic
  • c. Capillary oncotic
  • d. Interstitial oncotic

Questão 7

Questão
7. At the arterial end of capillaries, why does fluid move from the intravascular space into the interstitial space?
Responda
  • a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure.
  • b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure.
  • c. Interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.
  • d. Capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Questão 8

Questão
8. Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?
Responda
  • a. Capillary hydrostatic
  • b. Interstitial hydrostatic
  • c. Plasma oncotic
  • d. Interstitial oncotic

Questão 9

Questão
9. How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?
Responda
  • a. Decrease in serum sodium
  • b. Increase in plasma osmolality
  • c. Increase in glomerular filtration rate
  • d. Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation

Questão 10

Questão
10. Thirst activates osmoreceptors following an increase in which blood plasma component?
Responda
  • a. Antidiuretic hormone
  • b. Aldosterone
  • c. Hydrostatic pressure
  • d. Osmotic pressure

Questão 11

Questão
11. A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?
Responda
  • a. Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion.
  • b. Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion.
  • c. Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion.
  • d. Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Questão 12

Questão
12. When changes in total body water are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes, what type of alteration occurs?
Responda
  • a. Isotonic
  • b. Hypertonic
  • c. Hypotonic
  • d. Normotonic

Questão 13

Questão
13. Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?
Responda
  • a. Angiotensin I
  • b. Angiotensin II
  • c. Aldosterone
  • d. Renin

Questão 14

Questão
14. A patient in the hospital has hypernatremia. What condition should the healthcare professional assess for?
Responda
  • a. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
  • b. Hypersecretion of aldosterone
  • c. Brief bouts of vomiting or diarrhea
  • d. Excessive diuretic therapy

Questão 15

Questão
15. A patient has a serum sodium level of 165 mEq/L. The healthcare professional explains that the clinical manifestations of confusion, convulsions, cerebral hemorrhage, and coma are caused by what mechanism?
Responda
  • a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink.
  • b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell.
  • c. Low sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain.
  • d. Low sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell.

Questão 16

Questão
16. What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?
Responda
  • a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride
  • b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium
  • c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance
  • d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis

Questão 17

Questão
17. The pathophysiologic process of edema is related to which mechanism?
Responda
  • a. Sodium depletion
  • b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
  • d. Lymphatic obstruction

Questão 18

Questão
18. Why is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?
Responda
  • a. Stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium
  • b. Binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys
  • c. Transports potassium from the blood into the cell along with glucose
  • d. Breaks down the chemical components of potassium, inactivating it

Questão 19

Questão
19. A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?
Responda
  • a. Intracellular and extracellular Na+
  • b. Intracellular and extracellular K+
  • c. Intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+
  • d. Intracellular K+ and extracellular Na+

Questão 20

Questão
20. During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?
Responda
  • a. Oxygen
  • b. Sodium
  • c. Potassium
  • d. Magnesium

Questão 21

Questão
21. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?
Responda
  • a. Hyperparathyroidism
  • b. Vomiting
  • c. Renal failure
  • d. Hyperaldosteronism

Questão 22

Questão
22. In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells’ resting membrane potential?
Responda
  • a. Hypopolarization
  • b. Hyperexcitability
  • c. Depolarization
  • d. Repolarization

Questão 23

Questão
23. A patient’s chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?
Responda
  • a. Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis.
  • b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis.
  • c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis.
  • d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Questão 24

Questão
24. A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient’s facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?
Responda
  • a. K+: 2.8 mEq/L
  • b. K+: 5.4 mEq/L
  • c. Ca++: 8.2 mg/dL
  • d. Ca++: 12.9 mg/dL

Questão 25

Questão
25. A patient has a history of excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum- containing antacids. What lab value does the healthcare professional correlate to this behavior?
Responda
  • a. Magnesium 1.8 mg/dL
  • b. Phosphate 1.9 mg/dL
  • c. Sodium 149 mEq/L
  • d. Potassium 2.5 mEq/L

Questão 26

Questão
26. A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hypermagnesemia as a priority?
Responda
  • a. Hepatitis
  • b. Renal failure
  • c. Trauma to the hypothalamus
  • d. Pancreatitis

Questão 27

Questão
27. Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO3) and carbonic acid (H2CO3) exist in what ratio?
Responda
  • a. 20:1
  • b. 1:20
  • c. 10:2
  • d. 10:5

Questão 28

Questão
28. Where is two thirds of the body’s water found?
Responda
  • a. Interstitial fluid spaces
  • b. Vascular system
  • c. Intracellular fluid compartments
  • d. Intraocular fluids

Questão 29

Questão
29. A healthcare professional just administered a large dose of insulin to a patient. Which electrolyte value should the professional monitor as a priority?
Responda
  • a. Sodium
  • b. Potassium
  • c. Calcium
  • d. Magnesium

Questão 30

Questão
30. Why does increased capillary hydrostatic pressure result in edema?
Responda
  • a. Losses or diminished production of plasma albumin
  • b. Inflammation resulting from an immune response
  • c. Blockage within the lymphatic channel system
  • d. Sodium and water retention

Questão 31

Questão
31. A patient’s electrocardiogram (ECG) shows tall, peaked T waves. What lab value or assessment would the healthcare professional correlate with this finding?
Responda
  • a. Positive Chvostek sign
  • b. Serum potassium 6.7 mEq/L
  • c. Nausea and vomiting
  • d. Serum sodium 138 mEq/L

Questão 32

Questão
1. Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Women
  • b. Infants
  • c. Men
  • d. Obese persons
  • e. Older adults

Questão 33

Questão
2. A patient is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. For which signs or symptoms would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Moist mucous membranes
  • b. Weak pulses
  • c. Tachycardia
  • d. Polyuria
  • e. Weight loss

Questão 34

Questão
3. What are the causes of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Repeated blood administration
  • b. Pancreatitis
  • c. Decreased reabsorption of calcium
  • d. Hyperparathyroidism
  • e. Kidney stones

Questão 35

Questão
4. A patient is admitted with hyponatremia. For which clinical manifestations would the healthcare professional assess? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Headache
  • b. Seizures
  • c. Paranoia
  • d. Confusion
  • e. Lethargy

Questão 36

Questão
5. A patient has been diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Diarrhea
  • b. Calcium-based kidney stones
  • c. ECG showing narrow T waves
  • d. Lethargy
  • e. Bradycardia

Questão 37

Questão
6. A patient’s serum potassium level is 2.7 mEq/L. Which clinical manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.
Responda
  • a. Paralytic ileus
  • b. Sinus bradycardia
  • c. Atrioventricular block
  • d. Dry mucous membranes
  • e. Tetany

Questão 38

Questão
7. A third of the body’s fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include what? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Urine
  • b. Intraocular fluids
  • c. Lymph
  • d. Blood plasma
  • e. Sweat

Questão 39

Questão
8. An imbalance of potassium can produce which dysfunctions? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Weakness of skeletal muscles
  • b. Cardiac dysrhythmias
  • c. Smooth muscle atony
  • d. Visual impairment
  • e. Hearing loss

Questão 40

Questão
9. Which statements regarding total body water (TBW) are true? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. During childhood, TBW slowly decreases in relationship to body weight.
  • b. Gender has no influence on TBW until old age.
  • c. Men tend to have greater TBW as a result of their muscle mass.
  • d. Estrogen plays a role in female TBW.
  • e. Older adults experience a decrease in TBW as a result of decreased muscle mass.

Questão 41

Questão
10. The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? (Select all that apply.)
Responda
  • a. Parathyroid hormone
  • b. Vasopressin
  • c. Thyroid hormone
  • d. Calcitonin
  • e. Vitamin D

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