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HPS202 exam revision

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HPS202 quiz Deakin uni
kiera.mj
Quiz por kiera.mj, atualizado more than 1 year ago
kiera.mj
Criado por kiera.mj aproximadamente 9 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which of the following best describes DNA?
Responda
  • DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and contains all of the genetic information required for features of our bodies
  • DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid, and sends messages to our brain about how to control our bodily movements
  • DNA is an inherited script, based upon our environmental interactions early on in life
  • DNA is something that we all carry, but only utilise it in conscious situations

Questão 2

Questão
If a father's sperm contains an X chromosome, when paired with a mother's egg, the resulting child:
Responda
  • Will not have its sex determined until after 8 weeks gestation
  • Will be male
  • Will inherit both male and female characteristics
  • Will be female

Questão 3

Questão
To be expressed, a dominant gene:
Responda
  • Must have its pair in order to be expressed
  • Will be expressed regardless if a recessive gene is present
  • Will not be expressed if a recessive gene is present
  • Is expressed in combination with the recessive gene

Questão 4

Questão
If blue eye color is a recessive gene, then in order for a person to have a phenotype of blue eyes:
Responda
  • Two blue eye genes must be present
  • As long as one blue eye gene is present, the trait will be expressed in the phenotype
  • Blue eye color is expressed randomly, there is no genetic pattern
  • Blue eye recessive genes will dominate over dominant genes of, for example, brown eyes

Questão 5

Questão
A gene showing co-dominance:
Responda
  • Has one allele that is dominant to the other
  • Has two alleles that are equal in dominance
  • Has alleles linked tightly on the same chromosome
  • Has alleles which are recessive to each other

Questão 6

Questão
Identify the differences between a genotype and phenotype:
Responda
  • A genotype is the genes carried by a person; the phenotype is the observable expression of the genes
  • A phenotype is the genes carried by a person; the genotype is the observable expression of the genes
  • A genotype carries all of the genes from your mother; A phenotype carries all of the genes from your father
  • A genotype is the observable expression of the genes; A phenotype is all of the alleles that you carry

Questão 7

Questão
Place the three phases of prenatal development in the correct procedural order:
Responda
  • Germinal, foetal, embryonic
  • Germinal, embryonic, foetal
  • Embryonic, germinal, foetal
  • Embryonic, foetal, germinal

Questão 8

Questão
Which of the following correctly matches the layers of the embryonic disc with the structures that they form, with ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm respectively?
Responda
  • the nervous system, skin and hair; muscles, bones, circulatory system and other internal organs; the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands
  • the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands; muscles, bones, circulatory system and other internal organs; the nervous system, skin and hair
  • muscles, bones, circulatory system and other internal organs; the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands; the nervous system, skin and hair
  • the nervous system, skin and hair; the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract and glands; muscles, bones, circulatory system and other internal organs

Questão 9

Questão
Which of the following occur during the embryonic period?
Responda
  • All basic organs of the body are formed, and the embryo begins to respond to direct stimulation
  • Organs take on their final form and begin to function
  • An inner membrane, called the amnion, forms a watertight sac with amniotic fluid to protect the developing organism
  • Implantation

Questão 10

Questão
During which trimester does the foetus begin to move and kick, as well as develop the sucking and swallowing complexes?
Responda
  • Trimester 1
  • Trimester 2
  • Trimester 3
  • Within two weeks of birth

Questão 11

Questão
During which trimester does the foetus respond reflexively to touch on the face?
Responda
  • Trimester 1
  • Trimester 2
  • Trimester 3
  • Between trimester 2 and 3

Questão 12

Questão
During which trimester does the brain indicate periods of sleep and wakefulness?
Responda
  • Trimester 1
  • Trimester 2
  • Trimester 3
  • From implantation

Questão 13

Questão
Which of the following is NOT true regarding teratogens?
Responda
  • A teratogen is an agent which can cause birth defects
  • A teratogen causes speedier and healthier development
  • Some common teratogens include alcohol, tobacco, some STIs, illicit and prescribed drugs
  • Teratogens are usually something in the environment that the mother is exposed to during pregnancy

Questão 14

Questão
Which of the following is an example of how environmental influences can impact on our genetics?
Responda
  • A child grows to be very tall, like his mother and father
  • A boy learns to play the guitar from his father
  • A neglected child still creates meaningful attachments later in life
  • A neglected and malnourished child does not grow to be very tall, despite having tall parents

Questão 15

Questão
The frontal lobe of the brain is the last to develop, and often does not reach maturity until early adulthood. Which of the following are functions of the frontal lobes?
Responda
  • Reasoning, decision making, and executive functioning
  • Imagining, memory, and risk taking
  • Taste, touch, smell, hearing and sight
  • Emotional reactions to fear-inducing stimuli

Questão 16

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Trust V Mistrust'?
Responda
  • Occurs from birth-18 moths; a key event during this period is exploration. To resolve this crisis, the child must be able to safely explore and engage with their environment.
  • Occurs from 2-3 years old; a key event during this period is feeding. Trust is developed when caregivers consistently meet the child's needs.
  • Occurs from 2-3 years; a key event during this period is exploration. To resolve this crisis, the child must be able to safely explore and engage with their environment.
  • Occurs from birth-18 months; a key event during this period is feeding. Trust is developed when caregivers consistently meet the child's needs.

Questão 17

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Autonomy V Shame and Doubt'?
Responda
  • Occurs at 2-3 years of age; a key event during this period is toilet training. Autonomy is achieved when children can develop a sense of personal control over physical skills.
  • Occurs at 6-11 years of age; a key event during this period is feeding. To achieve autonomy, the child must be able to source their own food and necessary supplies.
  • Occurs at birth-18 months; a key event during this period is toilet training. Autonomy is achieved when children can develop a sense of personal control over physical skills.
  • Occurs at 6-11 years of age; a key event during this period is friendships. To achieve autonomy, a child must be able to make friendships without parental assistance.

Questão 18

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Intiative V Guilt'?
Responda
  • Occurs from 3-5 years; a key event during this period is exploration. Children need to establish power and control over their environment, leading them to a sense of purpose.
  • Occurs from 3-5 years; a key event during this period is pre-school. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands.
  • Occurs from 6-11 years; a key event during this period is school. Children need to cope with new social and academic demands.
  • Occurs from 2-3 years; a key event during this period is exploration. Children need to establish power and control over their environment, leading them to a sense of purpose.

Questão 19

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Industry V Inferiority'?
Responda
  • Occurs from 6-11 years; a key event during this period is schooling. Industry is achieved when the child is able to cope with the new social and academic demands.
  • Occurs from 3-5 years; a key event during this period is schooling. Industry is achieved when the child is able to cope with the new social and academic demands.
  • Occurs from 6-11 years; a key event during this period is social relationships. Success is achieved when children feel valued and useful within their friendship groups.
  • Occurs from 3-5 years; a key event during this period is social relationships. Success is achieved when children feel valued and useful within their friendship groups.

Questão 20

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Identity V Role Confusion'?
Responda
  • Occurs from 12-18 years; a key event during this period is social relationships. Success in this stage leads to a formed ability to develop a sense of self and stay to true to oneself.
  • Occurs from 6-11 years; a key event during this period is social relationships. Success in this stage leads to a formed ability to develop a sense of self and stay to true to oneself.
  • Occurs from 12-18 years; a key event during this period is intimate relationships. Success in this stage is achieved when individuals are able to develop an identity in combination with their partner.
  • Occurs from 19-40 years; a key event during this period is intimate relationships. Success in this stage is achieved when individuals are able to develop an identity in combination with their partner.

Questão 21

Questão
Which of the following is true of Erikson's psychosocial stage 'Intimacy V Isolation'?
Responda
  • Occurs from 19-40 years; a key event during this period is relationships. Intimacy is achieved when the individual can form intimate, loving relationships with others.
  • Occurs from 12-18 years; a key event during this period is relationships. Intimacy is achieved when the individual can form intimate, loving relationships with others.
  • Occurs from 19-40 years; a key event during this period is relationships. Success in this stage is achieved when the individual is able to interact with people in passing.
  • Occurs from 12-18 years; a key event during this period is relationships. Intimacy is achieved when the individual engages in sexual activity.

Questão 22

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes the most sophisticated self-theory seen during late adolescence?
Responda
  • "I am a boy, I am five, and I like playing sport"
  • "I am a feminist, I am creative, and I support the Labor party"
  • "I am a feminist, I am creative, and I support the Labor party. I am happy and extroverted with friends, but sad and quiet at home"
  • "I am a female, and I am usually happy, and I am in high school"

Questão 23

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes identity diffusion?
Responda
  • I haven't really thought about who I am, or who I am going to be yet.
  • My parents are Catholic, so I am going to be Catholic.
  • I have considered many religions, including Catholicism, which I was raised as. I have decided to convert to Buddhism.
  • I was brought up being taught how to run the family farm, but I am considering other career options currently.

Questão 24

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes identity foreclosure?
Responda
  • My parents were doctors, so I will be too.
  • I have not thought about who I am, or what I want to be.
  • I believe I want to be a doctor, I am just making my final decisions about it now.
  • My parents were doctors, but I am looking into being a vet.

Questão 25

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes identity moratorium?
Responda
  • I have been brought up Christian, but am currently looking into Catholicism.
  • My parents were Christian, therefore I will be too.
  • I haven't given any thought as to who I am or who I want to be.
  • I have considered many options, and have decided to practice Buddhism.

Questão 26

Questão
Which of the following statements accurately describes identity achievement?
Responda
  • I have considered many different career options, and I have decided that I am going to be a doctor.
  • My parents were doctors so I am going to be a doctor also.
  • Because my parents were doctors and unhappy, I am going to do something other than be a doctor.
  • My parents were doctors, but I am looking into some career options of my own.

Questão 27

Questão
Which of the following do NOT have a major influence on identify formation?
Responda
  • Cognitive development and scholastic opportunities
  • Parental relationships and influence
  • Sociocultural influences
  • Emotional regulation

Questão 28

Questão
At what age does gender constancy occur?
Responda
  • 5-7 years
  • 2-4 years
  • 3-5 years
  • 6-8 years

Questão 29

Questão
At what age does gender-typed behaviour begin?
Responda
  • 2 years
  • 3 years
  • 5 years
  • 12 years

Questão 30

Questão
During which period are racial and prejudicial attitudes influenced by parents most strongly?
Responda
  • At 3 years
  • At 7 years
  • Adolescence
  • Adulthood

Questão 31

Questão
The child may be engaged in seemingly random movements, with no clear objective. This best describes which type of play?
Responda
  • Unoccupied play
  • Solitary play
  • Onlooker play
  • Multi-dimension play

Questão 32

Questão
The child plays alone with different toys or other objects, and with no direct or indirect awareness of or involvement with other children, even if nearby. This best describes which type of play?
Responda
  • Solitary play
  • Onlooker play
  • Unoccupied play
  • Only-child play

Questão 33

Questão
The child watches others play without actually entering into the activities. The child is clearly involved with what is happening, and is usually within speaking distance of the participants. This best describes which type of play?
Responda
  • Onlooker play
  • Solitary play
  • Unoccupied play
  • Excluded play

Questão 34

Questão
Involves two or more children playing side-by-side in close proximity and with an awareness of each other's presence, often with the same toy or enjoying similar activity, but do not share toys, talk, or interact except in very minimal ways. This best describes which type of play?
Responda
  • Parallel play
  • Associative play
  • Cooperative play
  • Solitary play

Questão 35

Questão
Children engage in a common activity and talk about it with each other, but do not assign tasks or roles to particular individuals and are not very clear about common goals. This describes best which type of play?
Responda
  • Onlooker play
  • Parallel play
  • Cooperative play
  • Associative play

Questão 36

Questão
Children consciously form into groups to make something, attain a goal, or dramatise a situation. One or two members organise and direct the activity with children assuming different roles and responsibilities. Which type of play does this most accurately describe?
Responda
  • Group play
  • Parallel play
  • Cooperative play
  • Associative play

Questão 37

Questão
Identify the categories of Grussec and Lytton's play typology:
Responda
  • Functional, constructive, pretend, and games with rules
  • Onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative play
  • Solitary, onlooker, parallel, and cooperative
  • Functional, fine motor, pretend, and gross motor

Questão 38

Questão
What emotions are present from birth?
Responda
  • Interest, disgust, and contentment
  • Disgust, contentment, and discomfort
  • Anger, sadness, and joy
  • Surprise, joy, and anger

Questão 39

Questão
What emotions appear in the 2-7 month period in infants?
Responda
  • Anger, sadness, joy, and surprise
  • Interest, disgust, and contentment
  • Embarassment, shame, and guilt
  • Envy, pride, and happiness

Questão 40

Questão
Self-conscious emotions (including embarrassment, shame, guilt, envy, and pride), are called so because:
Responda
  • Each involves some damage or enhancement to our sense of self
  • Each is detrimental to our sense of self
  • Each improves our sense of self
  • Each requires self-recognition and an understanding of rules or standards for evaluating one's conduct

Questão 41

Questão
Self-evaluative emotions, including shame, guilt and pride, are called so because:
Responda
  • They either enhance or are detrimental to our sense of self
  • They are detrimental to our sense of self
  • They enhance our sense of self
  • They require self-recognition and an understanding of rules or standards for evaluating one's conduct

Questão 42

Questão
Regarding emotional display rules, which of the following is FALSE:
Responda
  • Emotional display rules vary across cultures
  • Every culture has similar or the same emotional display rules
  • A child who feigns pleasure at a displeasing present has mastered Westernised emotional display rules
  • At age 3, children can begin to disguise, suppress, and replace emotions

Questão 43

Questão
Social referencing beings to occur at 7-10 months. This refers to:
Responda
  • Using others' emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations
  • If other people are happy, the infant will display this emotion also
  • Infants learn facial expressions and emotions from others, and put these into use at a later date
  • Children learn emotional display rules from social referencing

Questão 44

Questão
The 3 components of emotional competence include:
Responda
  • Competent emotional expressivity, competent emotional regulation, and competent emotional knowledge
  • Competent in being quiet and still, competent behavioural skills, and competent communication of emotions
  • Competent emotional expressivity, competent in raising the moods of others, and competent social referencing
  • Competent in maintaining positive moods, competent communication skills, and competent emotional knowledge

Questão 45

Questão
There are six dimensions to temperaments. Identify which of the following is NOT one of these core dimensions:
Responda
  • Fearful distress
  • Irritable distress
  • Positive affect
  • Activity level
  • Attention span/persistence
  • Rhythmicity
  • Desire for social engagement

Questão 46

Questão
Thomas and Chess' notion of 'goodness of fit' refers to:
Responda
  • Development being optimised when parents' child rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child's temperamental characteristics
  • Development being delayed when parents' child rearing practices are sensitively adapted to the child's temperamental characteristics
  • Development being optimised when parents' child rearing practices are standardised regardless of temperament
  • Development is delayed if parents do not adjust their lives properly around their children

Questão 47

Questão
Identify the correct order in which the phases of attachment occur:
Responda
  • Social phase, the phase of indiscriminate attachments, the specific attachment phase, and the phase of multiple attachments
  • The phase of indiscriminate attachments, the specific attachment phase, the phase of multiple attachments, and the social phase
  • Social phase, the specific attachment phase, the phase of indiscriminate attachments, and the phase of multiple attachments
  • The phase of multiple attachments, the specific attachment phase, the phase of indiscriminate attachments, and the social phase,

Questão 48

Questão
"To love you, I must know you will always be there". This statement refers most closely to which of the following theories of attachment?
Responda
  • Psychoanalytic theory
  • Learning theory
  • Cognitive developmental theory
  • Ethological theory

Questão 49

Questão
Stranger anxiety occurs at _____, and is _______________:
Responda
  • 7-9 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infant is approached by an unfamiliar person
  • 9-18 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infant is approached by an unfamiliar person
  • 7-9 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infant is separated from the person(s) to whom they are securely attached
  • 9-18 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infant is separated from the person(s) to whom they are securely attached

Questão 50

Questão
Separation anxiety occurs at _____, and is ____________:
Responda
  • 6-9 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infants are separated from the person(s) to whom they are securely attached
  • 9-18 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infants are separated from the person(s) to whom they are securely attached
  • 6-9 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infants are approached by a stranger
  • 9-18 months; a wary or fretful reaction when infants are separated from their home environment

Questão 51

Questão
Four types of attachment types have been proposed. These include __________,__________, __________, and __________. The most common type of attachment is __________.
Responda
  • Secure, resistant, avoidant, and disorganised; secure
  • Secure, resistant, avoidant, and disorganised; disorganised
  • Secure, wary, infactuated, and disorganised; secure
  • Secure, wary, infactuated, and disorganised; infactuated

Questão 52

Questão
A child who has a secure attachment has most likely experienced:
Responda
  • Positive attitudes from parents, and parents are sensitive to infant's needs
  • Mostly positive attitudes from parents, but the parents often have bursts of anger
  • Parents are inflexible in their schedules, only providing care for the child at specific times
  • Positive attitudes from strangers, and strangers are sensitive to infant's needs

Questão 53

Questão
A child who has a positive model of themselves, but a negative model of others (according to the 'working models' theory), most likely has which attachment type:
Responda
  • Avoidant attachment
  • Secure attachment
  • Resistant attachment
  • Disorganised attachment

Questão 54

Questão
A child has only ever known their family dog-a small chihuahua. Upon seeing a large Labrador, his mother explains that this is also a dog. The child therefore adds this image to his existing schema of dogs. This is a process best known as:
Responda
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
  • Maturation
  • Reflexive learning

Questão 55

Questão
Identify the correct ordering of the 6 substages of Piaget's sensorimotor period:
Responda
  • Simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular motions, and beginnings of thought.
  • Simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, coordination of secondary reactions, and beginnings of thought.
  • Beginnings of thought, simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, and coordination of secondary reactions.
  • Beginnings of thought, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, coordination of secondary reactions, and simple reflexes.

Questão 56

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of children's thinking during Piaget's preoperational stage?
Responda
  • Centration
  • Lack of knowledge regarding conservation
  • Egocentrism
  • Object permanence

Questão 57

Questão
The concrete operational stage refers to the ability to solve problems regarding:
Responda
  • Tangible objects
  • Abstract problems
  • Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
  • Theorising cause and effect

Questão 58

Questão
Which of the following is NOT something a child learns to do in the formal operational stage:
Responda
  • Solve abstract problems
  • Use hypothetical-deductive reasoning
  • Apply logic to situations
  • Understand knowledge of conservation

Questão 59

Questão
When a child is aggressive, but their main goal is to gain access to objects, space, or privileges, this aggression is best described as:
Responda
  • Immature aggression
  • Hostile aggression
  • Instrumental aggression
  • Relational aggression

Questão 60

Questão
The stages of the social information-processing theory of aggression are: encode, interpret, ________, generate possible strategies, __________, and ___________.
Responda
  • Formulate a goal; evaluate which strategy to employ; enact response
  • Evaluate which strategy to employ; enact response, evaluate enacted strategy
  • Formulate a goal; enact first response; enact scond response
  • Evaluate which strategy to employ; enact first response; enact scond response

Questão 61

Questão
Which of the following is NOT shown to be common in the nature of bullies:
Responda
  • May have been bullied themselves
  • Have high self esteem
  • Have low self esteem
  • View aggression positively

Questão 62

Questão
Which one of the following is NOT a stage in Piaget's theory of moral development?
Responda
  • Pre-moral
  • Heternomous
  • Autonomous
  • Socially-defined

Questão 63

Questão
If someone said that they would cheat if they knew that they would not get caught, then they would be considered to be in the ________ level of morality, in stage __.
Responda
  • Preconventional; 1
  • Preconventional; 2
  • Postconventional; 6
  • Conventional; 3

Questão 64

Questão
If an individual said that they would let you copy their homework, if they could also copy yours from another subject, then this individual would be placed in the ____ level of morality, in stage __.
Responda
  • Preconventional; 2
  • Conventional; 3
  • Conventional; 4
  • Preconventional; 1

Questão 65

Questão
If an individual decided not to do something to someone, because they want to be liked by them, then this individual would be considered to be in the _____ level of morality, in stage __.
Responda
  • Conventional; 3
  • Conventional; 4
  • Pre-conventional; 2
  • Post-conventional; 5

Questão 66

Questão
If a child says "you can't do that, because the teacher said not to!", you can assume that they are in the ____ level of morality, in stage __.
Responda
  • Conventional; 4
  • Conventional; 3
  • Preconventional; 2
  • Postconventional; 5

Questão 67

Questão
In Kohlberg's scenario of the man stealing the medicine for his wife because he couldn't afford it, if an individual stated that this may have been a case where the rule needed breaking, you could assume that they are in ______ level of morality, and in stage __.
Responda
  • Post-conventional; 5
  • Post-conventional; 6
  • Conventional; 3
  • Conventional; 4

Questão 68

Questão
If an individual is acting consistently in such a way that they believe is right, regardless of punishment, or laws, this person is probably in the ______ level of morality, in stage __.
Responda
  • Post-conventional; 6
  • Conventional; 3
  • Post-conventional; 5
  • Conventional; 4

Questão 69

Questão
The basic units of sound refers to:
Responda
  • Phonemes
  • Morphemes
  • Semantics
  • Pragmatics

Questão 70

Questão
The word 'elephant' is an example of a ____ morpheme, whereas '-s' is an example of a _____ morpheme.
Responda
  • Free; bound
  • Bound; free
  • Pragmatic; semantic
  • Semantic; pragmatic

Questão 71

Questão
Rules that specify how words are to be combined to form meaningful phrases and sentences refers to:
Responda
  • Syntax
  • Semantics
  • Pragmatics
  • Morphology

Questão 72

Questão
The suggestion that language is learned by imitation (of adults) and reinforcement, is most strongly correlated with the _______________ theory of language development.
Responda
  • Learning/empiricist
  • Nativist
  • Interactionist
  • Cognitive

Questão 73

Questão
At what ages does 'cooing' begin (e.g. 'ooh' and 'aaah')?
Responda
  • 2 months
  • 4-6 months
  • From birth
  • 7 months

Questão 74

Questão
At what age does babbling (consonants added to speech, although words do not convey meaning) occur?
Responda
  • 4-6 months
  • 2 months
  • 10-12 months
  • 8 months

Questão 75

Questão
At what age do infants begin to reserve certain sounds for certain situations (for example, 'mm' when making requests, thus indicating knowledge of meaning)?
Responda
  • 2 months
  • 4-6 months
  • 6-8 months
  • 10-12 months

Questão 76

Questão
At what age do gestures and non-verbal responses tend to begin?
Responda
  • 7 months
  • 4-6 months
  • 10-12 months
  • 8-10 months

Questão 77

Questão
Pointing at something to draw attention to it is an example of a(n) ________ gesture, whereas by tugging on a caregiver's leg, indicating that they want to be picked up, is a(n) ________ gesture.
Responda
  • Declarative; imperative
  • Imperative; declarative
  • Indicative; meaningful
  • Meaningful; indicative

Questão 78

Questão
Using one word to represent a sentence (e.g. 'ball', to represent 'I want the ball'), is an example of a:
Responda
  • Holophrase
  • Monophrase
  • Telegraphic phrase
  • Immature sentence

Questão 79

Questão
Comprehension via the process of fast-mapping occurs at ______, but is not expressive until ______.
Responda
  • 13-15 months; 24-30 months
  • 15-18 months; 18-24 months
  • 12-14 months; 18-24 months
  • 12-24 months; 24-36 months

Questão 80

Questão
When a child speaks using only critical words to a sentence, for example, 'kitty go, ' this is an example of:
Responda
  • Holophrases
  • Telegraphic speech
  • Dual phrases
  • Pragmatic speech

Questão 81

Questão
When a child says 'I runned' instead of 'I ran', this is an example of:
Responda
  • Speech error
  • Overregulation
  • Pragmatic development
  • Motherese

Questão 82

Questão
At what age can children understand illocutionary intent (underlying meaning)?
Responda
  • 3 years
  • 1 year
  • 2 years
  • 4 years

Questão 83

Questão
Which of the following is NOT part of criteria A for ASD?
Responda
  • Persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts
  • Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction
  • Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
  • Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities

Questão 84

Questão
Which of the following are NOT part of criteria B for ASD? Restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest, or activities over at least two of the following:
Responda
  • Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements
  • Use of objects or speech
  • Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus
  • Insistence on different routines every day

Questão 85

Questão
In higher functioning individuals with ASD, what is the male:female ratio of prevalence?
Responda
  • 4:1
  • 9:1
  • !:1
  • 4:2

Questão 86

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a proposed causal factor of ASD?
Responda
  • Weaker central coherence
  • Extreme male brain
  • Extreme female brain
  • Executive functioning disabilities

Questão 87

Questão
Under the DSM-V criteria, the prevalence for ADHD is said to be __. The concordance rate between monozygotic twins is up to __.
Responda
  • 8%; 80%
  • 80%; 8%
  • 18%; 80%
  • 80%; 18%

Questão 88

Questão
Which of the following is NOT an explanation used to explain why ASD is less prevalent in females?
Responda
  • Females may have innately better social skills
  • Diagnoses may not recognize female manifestations of ASD
  • Females may have a larger innate desire to socialise
  • Females possess the Y chromosome, thus exposing them less to the disorder

Questão 89

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a presentation of ADHD?
Responda
  • ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation
  • ADHD predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation
  • ADHD combined presentation
  • ADHD attention-deficit presentation

Questão 90

Questão
Which of the following is NOT required for a diagnosis of ADHD?
Responda
  • If the individual is <17, 6 diagnostic criteria must be present
  • If the individual is >17, 5 diagnostic criteria must be present
  • Symptoms must be present before 12 years of age
  • The individual must have a co-existing psychotic disorder

Questão 91

Questão
There is no evidence to suggest that ADHD is a brain-based dysfunction
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 92

Questão
Which of the following is the most effective treatment for ADHD?
Responda
  • Stimulants such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Amphetamines
  • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
  • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy in combination with stimulants such as Ritalin, Dexedrine, and Amphetamines
  • This disorder resolves with age and maturity

Questão 93

Questão
Which of the following is not a risk factor for Schizophrenia?
Responda
  • Prenatal stressors
  • Drug use/abuse
  • Obstetric complications
  • Living within a functional family environment

Questão 94

Questão
The average age of onset for Schizophrenia is __ in men, and __ in women.
Responda
  • 18; 25
  • 25; 18
  • 18; 18
  • 18; 22

Questão 95

Questão
Schizophrenia tends to affect ___ more predominantly, with a(n) ______ onset, and generally more severe symptoms
Responda
  • Men; earlier
  • Men; later
  • Females; earlier
  • Females; later

Questão 96

Questão
(RE Schizophrenia) In 10 years post-diagnosis, ___ of patients completely recover, and ___ are much improved
Responda
  • 25%; 25%
  • 25%; 50%
  • 50%; 25%
  • One in 3 individuals diagnosed

Questão 97

Questão
Violence towards others is a symptom of Schizophrenia
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 98

Questão
Which of the following is NOT part of the neurobiological explanation for schizophrenia?
Responda
  • Imbalances of dopamine and glutamate exist
  • Ventricles in the brain are larger
  • There tends to be less grey matter in the brain
  • There tends to be more white matter in the brain

Questão 99

Questão
Which of the following is a negative symptom of Schizophrenia?
Responda
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions
  • Flat affect
  • Movement disorders

Questão 100

Questão
Eating disorders affect approximately __ of the Australian population
Responda
  • 9%
  • 15%
  • 11%
  • 21%

Questão 101

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a long-term consequence of eating disorders?
Responda
  • Social isoloation
  • Increased social support
  • Medical complications
  • Psychological illness

Questão 102

Questão
Which of the following distinguishes Bulimia from Binge-Eating disorder?
Responda
  • Bulimia does not involve compensatory behaviours for binge eating, whereas binge-eating disorder does
  • Bulimia involves compensatory behaviours for binge eating, whereas binge-eating disorder does not
  • Bulimia does not involve binge eating, whereas binge-eating disorder does
  • Bulimia compensatory behaviours include only exercise, whereas binge-eating disorder compensatory behaviours include laxative and enema abuse.

Questão 103

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for developing an eating disorder?
Responda
  • Having diabetes
  • Having an obsession with food and dieting
  • Going to a public high school
  • Living in Westernised cultures

Questão 104

Questão
Which of the following is true of the proximodistal principle?
Responda
  • Controlling your hand before your arm
  • Controlling your fingers before your hand
  • Controlling your foot before your toes
  • Controlling your toes before your foot

Questão 105

Questão
Which of the following is true of the cephalocaudal principle?
Responda
  • Controlling your torso before your legs
  • Controlling your legs before your torso
  • Controlling your legs before your arms
  • Controlling your feet before your hands

Questão 106

Questão
At what age are children considered to be at the 'schematic' stage of drawing?
Responda
  • 6 years
  • 5 years
  • 4 years
  • 8 years

Questão 107

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a proposed effect of sport in child development?
Responda
  • Poorer academic grades
  • Improved heart and lung function
  • Lower obesity rates
  • Improved sleep

Questão 108

Questão
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of dyspraxia?
Responda
  • Delayed milestones
  • Deficits in memory
  • Deficits in attention
  • Facial abnormalities

Questão 109

Questão
Which of the following is not a suggested treatment for dyspraxia?
Responda
  • Providing scaffolding and practice for the child
  • Adapting the environment to the child's needs
  • Engaging specific training
  • Routing the child to achieve milestones earlier than their peers

Questão 110

Questão
Which of the following are NOT factors that may impair motor development?
Responda
  • Muscle tone and strength
  • Motor planning
  • Sensory processing
  • Emotional regulation

Questão 111

Questão
Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen in pregnant women?
Responda
  • Blood disorders
  • Temperature
  • Diet
  • Personality

Questão 112

Questão
DNA is:
Responda
  • The information coded in genes that is then copied onto Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • Comprised of Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
  • The biological structure underpinning every human attribute and trait
  • The unchangeable, static biological blueprint we all possess

Questão 113

Questão
When we inherit characteristics from our parents, the form of genetic transmission is via:
Responda
  • Dominant alleles and recessive alleles
  • Dominant alleles, but not recessive alleles
  • Co-dominant alleles
  • Dominant, recessive and co-dominant alleles

Questão 114

Questão
If I have two blue-eyed parents and I have brown eyes, I can say that my brown eyes are:
Responda
  • An indication that I was probably adopted
  • A phenotypic manifestation of my genotype
  • A genotypic manifestation of my phenotype
  • Unrelated to my genetic inheritance

Questão 115

Questão
Organogenesis occurs during the:
Responda
  • Foetal gestational period
  • Germinal period
  • Embryonic period
  • Foetal period

Questão 116

Questão
A synapse is
Responda
  • A connection between neurons
  • Empty spaces between neurons
  • The fatty sheath covering neurons
  • The last part of the brain to develop

Questão 117

Questão
During brain development in adolescence:
Responda
  • The neurons are stripped of their myelin to facilitate quicker transmission between neurons
  • The brain has already reached full maturity and only changes when we learn skills
  • Synapses are pruned and myelin developed
  • More synapses are created rapidly to deal with larger amounts of information processing

Questão 118

Questão
Bones and other internal organs develop from
Responda
  • The introderm
  • The ectoderm
  • The endoderm
  • The mesoderm

Questão 119

Questão
Children’s tendency to associate with same-sex playmates and to think of the other sex as an out-group is known as:
Responda
  • Gender segregation
  • Gender differentiation
  • Gender separation
  • Gender avoidment

Questão 120

Questão
Which of the following is true of Stereotypes?
Responda
  • They are widely shared knowledge structures that are learnt through socialization
  • They are always based on facts
  • They are distinct cognitive structures
  • They are widely shared knowledge structures that are learnt through socialization, AND They are distinct cognitive structures

Questão 121

Questão
Children involved in a game of ‘tag’ are demonstrating which type of play?
Responda
  • Solitary play
  • Parallel play
  • Onlooker play
  • Cooperative play

Questão 122

Questão
According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages of development, children aged 6-11 years are typically dealing with which basic conflict?
Responda
  • initiative versus guilt
  • initiative versus industry
  • industry versus inferiority
  • industry versus guilt

Questão 123

Questão
Children generally demonstrate self recognition using the rouge test at approximately
Responda
  • 18-24 months of age
  • 15-17 months of age
  • 12-15 months of age
  • None of the above

Questão 124

Questão
Which of the following have been identified as attachment-related fears in infancy:
Responda
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Separation Anxiety
  • Separation Anxiety AND Stranger anxiety
  • Imprinting

Questão 125

Questão
Infants who construct a positive working model of both themselves and their caregivers can be expected to develop which type of attachment style to their caregiver:
Responda
  • Secure attachment
  • Resistant attachment
  • Avoidant attachment
  • Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Questão 126

Questão
An infant who shows little distress when their mother leaves the room and seems to ignore her upon her return is likely to have which type of attachment:
Responda
  • Secure attachment
  • Resistant attachment
  • Avoidant attachment
  • Disorganized/disoriented attachment

Questão 127

Questão
The notion that the type of attachment that an infant develops with a caregiver depends primarily on the kind of caregiving the child received from that person is known as:
Responda
  • The Attachment hypothesis
  • The Caregiving hypothesis
  • The Emotional support hypothesis
  • None of the above

Questão 128

Questão
A child whose behaviour is somewhat inactive and somewhat moody, and is slow to adapt to new persons and situations could be described as having which type of temperament?
Responda
  • Easy temperament
  • Difficult temperament
  • Slow-to-warm up temperament
  • Insecure temperament

Questão 129

Questão
Social learning approaches to aggression contend that aggression is based on:
Responda
  • Observation and learning
  • Genetic pre-disposition
  • Neurological maturation
  • All answers provided

Questão 130

Questão
Which of the following statements best summarises Dodge’s social information-processing theory of aggression?
Responda
  • Aggressive behaviour is the result of inferring hostile intent in others and reacting angrily.
  • Aggressive behaviour is the result of receiving a (often inadvertent) reward for aggression.
  • Aggressive behaviour depends on the social information provided to the child by the primary caregiver.
  • Aggression develops as a result of biological and cognitive maturation.

Questão 131

Questão
Boys are more physically and verbally aggressive on average than girls. This is most likely due to:
Responda
  • Higher testosterone levels in boys.
  • Parents react more negatively to aggressive behaviours from girls than boys.
  • Parents play rougher with boys than girls.
  • All answers provided

Questão 132

Questão
Maggie is supervising a play date between her daughter, Isla, and Isla’s friend Lily when she sees Isla kick Lily in an effort to avoid sharing the puzzle she is working on. Lily starts to cry. If Maggie wishes to foster compassion and altruism in Isla, the most appropriate response to Isla’s behaviour would be
Responda
  • To walk away from the situation to avoid inadvertently rewarding Isla for her aggressive behaviour.
  • To smack Isla on the bottom immediately, so that Isla makes the connection between her aggressive actions, and the punitive consequence.
  • To immediately yell at Isla and remove her from the situation.
  • To explain to Isla the harm and distress she has caused to Lily

Questão 133

Questão
You are administering Piaget’s moral-decisions exercise on Laurie. You read two stories to Laurie. In story A, Bob is trying to make a surprise breakfast in bed for his mum when he accidently knocks over four glasses, breaking them. In story B, while his mother isn’t looking, Jeff tries to steal a muffin from the kitchen bench when he knocks over one glass and breaks it. After the stories, you ask Laurie which child is naughtier, Bob or Jeff. Laurie says Jeff is the naughtier child because he was trying to do something naughty. How would you classify Laurie’s stage of moral development?
Responda
  • Premoral
  • Heteronomous morality
  • Autonomous morality
  • Social-order-maintaining morality

Questão 134

Questão
Egocentrism may best be defined as:
Responda
  • A desire to play alone rather than with others
  • A lack of empathy
  • The realization that others have internal states such as emotions and desires
  • Thinking that is dominated by an infant’s own experiences, perceptions and position in space

Questão 135

Questão
A child who picks up a stick and plays with it pretending it is a sword is demonstrating which of the following:
Responda
  • Symbolic representation
  • Achievement of Formal Operations
  • Engagement in cooperative play
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 136

Questão
When children answer incorrectly in Piaget’s classic Conservation Task experiments, what cognitive developmental characteristic are they proposed to have demonstrated?
Responda
  • Schemes
  • Centration
  • Concrete operations
  • Symbolic representations

Questão 137

Questão
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Concrete Operational Thought?
Responda
  • The ability to conserve across a wide range of conservation tasks
  • The ability to manipulate mental representations about the outside to solve problems
  • The ability to reason about immediate reality
  • The ability to reason about abstract possibilities

Questão 138

Questão
The ability to create and test hypotheses through systematic observation is called:
Responda
  • Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
  • Hypothetico-inductive reasoning
  • Observation-based reasoning
  • Piagetian reasoning

Questão 139

Questão
A child who utters the sentence “ Home Daddy come” has not yet mastered the rules of
Responda
  • syntax
  • pragmatics
  • semantics
  • morphology

Questão 140

Questão
When a child says ' I runned home' they demonstrate
Responda
  • Exposure to poor adult language models
  • Overregularlisation errors
  • Syntactic bootstrapping
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 141

Questão
According to the interactionist perspective, language development is influenced by
Responda
  • Children’s cognitive development and modified language used by family members
  • An innate ‘learning activation device’ that is programmed to acquire language
  • Differential reinforcement from family as words are acquired and used
  • Appropriate exposure to language during a sensitive period of development

Questão 142

Questão
What is the rate of prevalence of autism in boys compared to girls?
Responda
  • Boys are twice more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls
  • Boys are half as likely to be diagnosed with autism as girls
  • The prevalence is the same
  • Boys are 3-5 times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls

Questão 143

Questão
Given recent revisions in the diagnostic criteria for ASD, it is expected that prevalence rates will likely
Responda
  • decrease because fewer children will be diagnosed
  • decrease because fewer children will develop ASD
  • remain stable because there have been no changes to diagnostic criteria
  • increase because practitioners are more aware of the condition

Questão 144

Questão
What are the main symptoms of ADHD?
Responda
  • Inattention, recklessness and hyperactivity
  • Impulsivity and low concentration
  • Fidgeting, inattention and hyperactivity
  • Hyperactivity and inattention

Questão 145

Questão
ADHD is thought to develop due to
Responda
  • poor diet
  • failure of carers to set appropriate expectations and boundaries
  • failure of carers to set appropriate expectations and boundaries AND poor diet
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 146

Questão
Children with ADHD respond best to treatments involving
Responda
  • Sedatives and behavioural modification
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy and stimulants
  • A good smack
  • Behavioursal modification and stimulants

Questão 147

Questão
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is primarily characterized by:
Responda
  • An intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight
  • A lack of appetite which leads to subsequent weight loss
  • Repetitive, constant exercise with a view to losing weight
  • Episodes of purging and laxative use with a view to losing weight

Questão 148

Questão
Bulimia Nervosa is primarily characterized by
Responda
  • An intense fear of gaining weight and refusal to maintain a normal body weight
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating and a sense of a lack of control over the binges followed by compensatory behaviour
  • Recurrent episodes of binge eating and a sense of a lack of control over the binges
  • Repetitive, constant exercise with a view to losing weight

Questão 149

Questão
Current estimates are that approximately
Responda
  • 1% adolescent girls develop anorexia
  • Approximately 15% children with anorexia are male
  • 40% of those with anorexia are at risk of developing bulimia
  • 40% of those with anorexia are at risk of developing bulimia AND 1% adolescent girls develop anorexia

Questão 150

Questão
People with schizophrenia are at high risk of
Responda
  • self harm
  • uncontrollable violence
  • domestic violence
  • having a split personality

Questão 151

Questão
People with schizophrenia tend to have brains that
Responda
  • are larger than most people
  • have larger fluid-filled cavities in them than most people
  • have less white matter and more grey matter than most people
  • are more active than most people

Questão 152

Questão
Which of the following statements about reflexes is true?
Responda
  • Reflexes are critical diagnostic indicators during infancy as they indicate neurological integrity.
  • While reflexes once held survival value to human infants, they are no longer relevant indicators of healthy development.
  • Reflexes are critical diagnostic indicators during infancy as they indicate muscular integrity.
  • Reflexes are critical diagnostic indicators during infancy as they indicate social development.

Questão 153

Questão
The impact of environment on motor development may best be summed up by saying:
Responda
  • Environment and practice are useful tools for the development of motor skills, but are not necessary.
  • Environmental factors can account for all the motor development observed in infants and children.
  • The environment is not a sufficient condition for the acquisition of motor skills but plays an important role in timing of skill acquisition.
  • Practice makes perfect – the more children practice motor skills, the faster they acquire them!

Questão 154

Questão
Sophie is about to turn 4 years old. Assuming she is on a normal developmental trajectory, what motor skills would her parents expect her to develop in the coming year?
Responda
  • Gross motor skills such as throwing and catching.
  • Fine motor skills such as cursive writing.
  • Fine motor skills such as drawing.
  • Fine motor skills such as drawing AND Gross motor skills such as throwing and catching.

Questão 155

Questão
Three - four year old children around the world typically draw people as ‘tadpole figures’ with a large head and no body. It is not until age 5 or 6 that most children draw human forms with a differentiated head and body. What is the most likely reason for this?
Responda
  • Because very young children are still developing the ability to interpret and understand sensory input.
  • Because older children have the ability to attend to a task for a longer period of time.
  • Because including a body with attached arms and legs requires fine motor skills which very young children are unlikely to possess.
  • Because including a body with attached arms and legs requires fine motor skills which very young children are unlikely to possess, AND Because very young children are still developing the ability to interpret and understand sensory input.

Questão 156

Questão
According to the dynamic systems theory, a child’s motor skills are:
Responda
  • Genetically programmed responses that emerge as dictated by maturation.
  • Genetically programmed responses that emerge as dictated by maturation and opportunities to practice.
  • Increasingly complex systems of action that represents the most effective way of achieving some objective using the limited capabilities the child may have.
  • Are dependent on a dynamic vicarious learning relationship between the child and the primary caregiver

Questão 157

Questão
Which of the following statements is true?
Responda
  • Chromosomes are made up of DNA
  • Genes are part of chromosomes
  • Genes are made up of DNA
  • All of the answers provided

Questão 158

Questão
With respect to hair colour, ____ is a genotype and ____ is a phenotype:
Responda
  • AO, group A
  • The dominant allele of a gene, the recessive allele of a gene
  • Brunette hair, brunette hair gene
  • Brunette hair gene, brunette hair

Questão 159

Questão
In blood groups, the A allele is dominant over the O allele. Therefore, if a father’s blood type is AO, and a mother’s is OO, their child:
Responda
  • Will have blood group A
  • Will have blood group OO.
  • Has a 50/50 chance of having either blood group AO or OO.
  • Has a one in three chance of having each of blood groups A, AO or OO

Questão 160

Questão
Which of the following is not a period within prenatal development?
Responda
  • Embryonic period
  • Placental period
  • Germinal period
  • Foetal period

Questão 161

Questão
Myelination refers to the
Responda
  • Gradual pruning of synapses
  • The ‘use it or lose it’ concept in neural development
  • The insulation of brain synapses
  • The insulation of mature brain cells

Questão 162

Questão
Which of the following is not true of the development of emotional expressions:
Responda
  • Adults can identify both positive and negative emotions equally well
  • Adults find it easy to identify baby’s positive emotions from facial expressions
  • Babies communicate their feelings through their facial expressions
  • Emotional expressions become easier to identify as children get older

Questão 163

Questão
Expression of self-evaluative emotions requires:
Responda
  • Self recognition
  • An understanding of the rules or standards for evaluating one’s conducts
  • An understanding of the rules or standards for evaluating one’s conducts AND self recognition
  • Acquisition of all five basic emotions

Questão 164

Questão
Emotional display rules:
Responda
  • Are culturally defined
  • Emerge around 2 years of age
  • Are a set of emotions present at birth
  • Only apply to self-conscious emotions

Questão 165

Questão
Activity level, irritability/negative emotionality, attention span, fearfulness and sociability (or positive affect) have been identified as important components of:
Responda
  • Emotional regulation
  • Temperament
  • Social referencing
  • Emotional competence

Questão 166

Questão
‘Goodness of fit’ is the term used to describe:
Responda
  • The notion that a child’s development is likely to be optimized when a parent’s child rearing practices match the child’s temperament
  • A slow to warm up temperament, where a child may be slow to adapt to new people or situations
  • An easy temperament, where a child is easy going and typically in a positive mood
  • A tendency to withdraw from unfamiliar people or situations

Questão 167

Questão
If a child displays tendencies to prefer same-sex activities over those typically linked with the opposite sex, the child is displaying
Responda
  • gender identity
  • gender-role stereotypes
  • gender-typed patterns of behaviour
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 168

Questão
Which of the following is an example of identity diffusion:
Responda
  • ‘I’ve not really thought much about my career, I don’t know exactly what I want to do’
  • ‘My parents are teachers and so I’ll be a teacher’
  • ‘I’m trying to decide if I should pursue a degree in law or psychology next year
  • 'I have finally found the right job for me’

Questão 169

Questão
Which of the following is not one of the four factors thought to influence an adolescents identity formation:
Responda
  • Cognitive development
  • Schooling
  • Emotional development
  • Relationship with parents

Questão 170

Questão
According to Parten’s play typology, a group of children engaging in a game of tag is an example of:
Responda
  • Onlooker play
  • Cooperative play
  • Associative play
  • Parallel play

Questão 171

Questão
Pursuant to Grusec and Lytton’s play typology, a child digging a hole in a sandpit is an example of:
Responda
  • pretend play
  • functional play
  • solitary play
  • unoccupied play

Questão 172

Questão
Cognitive Development may best be defined as:
Responda
  • The changes that take place in cognitive processes from birth until the beginning of adulthood
  • The changes that take place in cognitive processes over the lifespan
  • The changes in ways of thinking in a society over time
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 173

Questão
Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of Piaget’s theory of Cognitive development:
Responda
  • All stages are universal in that they describe the pattern of development in all children
  • The framework is domain-general
  • All children pass through the stages in the same order and no stage can be skipped
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 174

Questão
The process of incorporating a new experience into an existing scheme is known as:
Responda
  • Assimilation
  • Adaption
  • Preoperational thought
  • Accommodation

Questão 175

Questão
During what age period does Object Permanence typically emerge in children?
Responda
  • Birth – 1 month
  • 1 – 4 months
  • 4 – 7 months
  • 8 – 12 months

Questão 176

Questão
Children in the Preoperational Period of cognitive development would have difficulty understanding
Responda
  • Causality
  • The point of view of others
  • Object permanence
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 177

Questão
According to Dodge’s social information processing theory of aggression, after a child encodes social cues, the next step they engage in is:
Responda
  • interpret the social cues
  • respond without adequate thought about the consequences.
  • formulate social goals
  • consider strategies to deal with the social situation.

Questão 178

Questão
According to the social learning approach to aggression, children may behave aggressively because:
Responda
  • it is an inherent component of their personality
  • aggression acts as a release of stress hormone, cortisol.
  • of their environmental conditions.
  • of social frustration.

Questão 179

Questão
Children’s aggression is likely to be exacerbated by parental conflict when:
Responda
  • the child is exposed to the conflict on numerous occasions
  • the conflict is intensive and high stress.
  • parents withdraw and become emotionally unavailable.
  • all of the above are likely to exacerbate aggression.

Questão 180

Questão
According to Piaget’s theory of moral development, a child who sees the rules of authority figures as sacred and unalterable is likely to be in the:
Responda
  • premoral period
  • ‘Good boy’ or ‘good girl’ orientation
  • social-order maintaining morality
  • heteronomous morality

Questão 181

Questão
The Heinz dilemma is posed to a child who responds as follows: ‘Well, stealing is wrong, but you need to consider the whole situation. Heinz knows that there is no legal grounds for him to steal the drug. But he’s in a very difficult situation and anybody in that situation would think it was reasonable to steal the drug” According to Kohlberg’s levels and stages, what is the most appropriate classification of this response?
Responda
  • Level 3, post-conventional morality, stage 5.
  • Level 1, pre-conventional morality, stage 2
  • Level 2, conventional morality, stage 3.
  • Level 2, conventional morality, stage 4

Questão 182

Questão
What are the main symptoms of autism?
Responda
  • Hyperactivity, and impaired social interaction
  • Low energy and impaired communication
  • Impaired social communication and interaction, and restricted interests
  • All answers provided

Questão 183

Questão
The recent revision of the DSM and consequent changes to the diagnostic criteria for Autism spectrum disorders caused some problems including:
Responda
  • increasing the sensitivity of the assessment so that individuals who may not previously have been diagnosed with ASD now may be.
  • improving the specificity but reducing the sensitivity of the assessment so higher functioning individuals may not receive the diagnosis.
  • limiting the applicability of the diagnosis to females.
  • limiting the cultural sensitivity of the assessment.

Questão 184

Questão
The theory that attempts to explain autism in terms of an inability to understand another’s knowledge and beliefs is
Responda
  • The theory of mind
  • The theory of poor executive functioning
  • The weak central coherence hypothesis
  • The mirror neuron theory

Questão 185

Questão
The three subtypes of ADHD are:
Responda
  • hyperactive, impulsive, and inattentive.
  • early onset, late onset and mixed onset.
  • onset before 12 years, 12-16, or over 17 years old.
  • predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.

Questão 186

Questão
Currently, the most effective form of treatment for ADHD is:
Responda
  • stimulants such as Ritalin
  • psychological treatments such as CBT
  • neuro-biological treatments such as ECT
  • stimulants such as Ritalin AND psychological treatments such as CBT

Questão 187

Questão
Which of the following is not a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
Responda
  • Psychosis
  • Hallucations
  • Delusions
  • Reduced emotions

Questão 188

Questão
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
Responda
  • Poverty of speech
  • Disorganized speech and thought
  • Hallucinations
  • Delusions

Questão 189

Questão
In terms of the prevalence and onset of schizophrenia, which of the following statements is true:
Responda
  • Schizophrenia tends to develop in early adulthood, with the average age of onset 18 years old in men, and 25 years old in women.
  • Schizophrenia typically begins in childhood but is usually left undiagnosed until later in life.
  • On most occasions, schizophrenia emerges in middle adulthood, the average age of onset (for both sexes) is 42 years.
  • Schizophrenia tends to develop in early adulthood, with the average age of onset 18 years old in women, and 25 years old in men.

Questão 190

Questão
Current prevalence estimates of anorexia are that, at some point during the lifespan,
Responda
  • Approximately 15% of women will experience the condition
  • Approximately 1% of women will experience the condition
  • Approximately 10% of women will experience the condition
  • Approximately 5% of women will experience the condition

Questão 191

Questão
The most important/influential risk factor for developing an eating disorder is:
Responda
  • Exposure to body-typed images in the media.
  • Genetics
  • Personality
  • A history of dieting

Questão 192

Questão
Which of the following is not an example of a survival reflex that is present at birth?
Responda
  • Closing both eyes when a puff of air reaches the eye
  • Turning head towards touch and opening mouth when stroked on the cheek
  • The ‘pincer grasp’ to grip things placed in hand
  • Arching back and extending arms when a sudden loud sound is heard.

Questão 193

Questão
Evidence on sex difference in infant motor development:
Responda
  • suggests that boys tend to reach motor development milestones slightly earlier than girls.
  • suggests that Boys tend to excel at gross motor movement while girls excel at fine motor movement.
  • suggests that there is no difference in the development or use of motor skills by male and female infants
  • is inconsistent and inconclusive.

Questão 194

Questão
Symptoms of dyspraxia include:
Responda
  • significant delay in reaching motor milestones
  • problems concentrating
  • delays or ‘slowness’ of speech.
  • All answers provided

Questão 195

Questão
Twelve year old Carmen is determined to beat her personal best time for 50metres freestyle in the swimming. This is an example of:
Responda
  • achievement motivation.
  • sporting prowess
  • the benefits of sport
  • healthy competitiveness

Questão 196

Questão
We would expect a child to walk unassisted at approximately
Responda
  • 6 months old
  • 12 months old
  • 18 months old
  • 24 months old.

Questão 197

Questão
The meaning of words and utterances is termed
Responda
  • Semantics
  • Morphemes
  • Pragmatics
  • Syntax

Questão 198

Questão
The smallest unit of meaning in a language is a ________.
Responda
  • Morpheme
  • Inflection
  • Letter
  • Phoneme

Questão 199

Questão
Which theorist proposed the 'language acquisition device' (LAD)?
Responda
  • Lenneberg
  • Noam Chomsky
  • B.F Skinner
  • None of the answers provided

Questão 200

Questão
Infants first use gestures as a form of communication at what age?
Responda
  • 8 to 10 months
  • 12 months
  • 12 to 18 months
  • 6 months

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