BioMed II Exam 3

Compare and Contrast Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Prokaryotes are [blank_start]Unicellular[blank_end] and [blank_start]do not contain[blank_end] a Nucleus. They store their genetic information in [blank_start]Circular[blank_end] DNA and [blank_start]have[blank_end] a Cell Wall. Eukaryotes are [blank_start]Multicellular[blank_end] and [blank_start]contain[blank_end] a Nucleus. They store their genetic information in [blank_start]Linear[blank_end] DNA and [blank_start]do not have[blank_end] a Cell Wall.

Label the parts of the Prokaryotic Cell.

Which of these is a Gram Negative bacteria?

Anaerobic bacteria differ from aerobic bacteria in which way?

All of the following are host examples of host defenses that a microbe must bypass to initiate infection EXCEPT:

Match the symbiotic type with its definition: [blank_start]Mutualism[blank_end] --> Good for Bacteria and Host [blank_start]Commensalism[blank_end] --> Good for Bacteria, no effect on the host [blank_start]Parasitism[blank_end] --> Good for Bacteria but Bad for the host

[blank_start]Resident[blank_end] Bacteria have a permanent presence within us while [blank_start]Transient[blank_end] Bacteria have a short term presence.

Transient bacteria drive out residential bacteria.

Our blood/body fluids/internal tissues are always sterile.

Match the amount of bacteria present in the different areas of the GI tract. [blank_start]Many[blank_end] Oral [blank_start]Minimal[blank_end] Stomach [blank_start]Minimal[blank_end] Small Intestines [blank_start]Many[blank_end] Large Intestines [blank_start]Many[blank_end] Colon

Which is more prevalent in the gut?

Fill in the correct type of bacteria with it’s definition. [blank_start]Obligate Anaerobe[blank_end] --> Living in environments not containing oxygen [blank_start]Facilitative Anaerobe[blank_end] --> Living with or without oxygen [blank_start]Aerobe[blank_end] --> Living in oxygen containing environments

Opportunistic infections happen when a bacteria begins to overgrow in a site that it is normally not abundant in due to conditions that make it favorable to do so.

If the exclusionary effect becomes ineffective this can result in

Nosocomial infections can be acquired from

A lack of immune system priming results in

Infections begins with [blank_start]Exposure[blank_end] which leads to [blank_start]Entry[blank_end] then [blank_start]Multiply and Spread[blank_end] which can result in [blank_start]Injury[blank_end]

Which of these are ways pathogens can enter the body?

Which of the following would not be considered a nocosomal infection?

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins can determine whether or not a bacteria attaches to an epithelial cell.

Bacterial Adhesions are stronger than Bacterial Attachment Proteins.

Bacteria multiply in the [blank_start]Submucosa[blank_end] before Invasion.

[blank_start]Direct Damage[blank_end] is caused by bacterial toxins destroying host cells and tissues while [blank_start]Indirect Damage[blank_end] is caused by the host inflammatory response.

Match the Bacterial Toxin with their definition. [blank_start]Neurotoxin[blank_end] --> Target Nerves [blank_start]Cytotoxin[blank_end] --> Target Cells [blank_start]Exotoxin[blank_end] --> Secreted by Bacterial Cells [blank_start]Endotoxin[blank_end] --> Part of a Gram - Bacterial Cell Membrane

The [blank_start]B[blank_end] Domain binds to the cell The [blank_start]A[blank_end] Domain Catalyzes intracellular reactions.

Membrane Active Exotoxins have an indirect insertion into the host membrane that forms a pore causing cell leakage/lysis.

Super Antigens bridge the gap between [blank_start]Antigen Presenting Cells[blank_end] and [blank_start]T Cells[blank_end] causing a massive release of [blank_start]Cytokines[blank_end]

Endotoxins are ONLY associated with Gram - Cells

PAMP stands for [blank_start]Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern[blank_end] PRR stands for [blank_start]Pathogen Recognition Receptor[blank_end]

Having a polysaccharide capsule can make it easier for bacteria to withstand attack from [blank_start]Phagocytosis[blank_end] and the [blank_start]Compliment Cascade[blank_end]

PAMPs are located on our cells while PRRs are located on Bacterial cells

Bacteria avoid attack from the immune system through

Bacteremia means [blank_start]Bacteria in the blood[blank_end]

Localized infections mean the pathogen or the toxins being released are concentrated in one area or tissue. The Localized effects also stay in that general area.

Systemic Infections are where the pathogen enters the blood or several tissues. This can contain Cytokines, secreted toxins and presence of bacteria, viruses, or pathogens in the blood.

SIRS stands for [blank_start]Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome[blank_end].

You must have at least two of which of these symptoms for SIRS?

Match the SIRS pro inflammatory cytokines with their function TNF-Alpha --> [blank_start]Activates IL-1 and IL-6[blank_end] IL-1 --> [blank_start]Cellular Damage[blank_end] IL-6 --> [blank_start]Cellular Damage pt2[blank_end] IL-8 --> ? PAF --> [blank_start]Blood Clotting[blank_end]

In CARS [blank_start]IL-1Ra[blank_end] counteracts the pro inflammatory activity of [blank_start]IL-1[blank_end] in SIRS

When there is a SIRS response, and [blank_start]infection[blank_end] is what kicks off the cascade into Sepsis

DIC stands for [blank_start]Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation[blank_end]

In MODS or [blank_start]Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome[blank_end], multiple organs begin to fail and stop working properly.

The lungs are usually the first to fail in a syndrome called ARDS or [blank_start]Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome[blank_end]

The kidneys are usually next to fail in ARF or [blank_start]acute renal failure[blank_end]

The infections that are most common with SIRS to cause sepsis are (in order) 1 [blank_start]Respiratory Tract[blank_end] 2 [blank_start]Genitourinary Tract[blank_end] 3 [blank_start]Intra-Abdominal[blank_end] 4 [blank_start]Device Related[blank_end] 5 [blank_start]Wounds/Soft Tissue[blank_end] 6 [blank_start]Primary Bacterium[blank_end]

Pathogens commonly associated with sepsis in order 1 [blank_start]Gram Positive Aerobes[blank_end] 2 [blank_start]Gram Negative Aerobes[blank_end] 3 [blank_start]Anaerobes[blank_end] 4 [blank_start]Fungi[blank_end] 5 [blank_start]Polymicrobial[blank_end]

The damage from Gram Positive Sepsis comes from the [blank_start]Peptidoglycan[blank_end], [blank_start]Pro-inflammatory cytokines[blank_end], and [blank_start]exotoxins[blank_end].

Gram Negative Sepsis has stronger effects than Gram Negative but is less common.

The bacteria causing Gram Positive Septic Shock are [blank_start]Streptococcus pneumonia[blank_end] [blank_start]Staphylococcus spp[blank_end] [blank_start]Enterococci spp[blank_end]