4054856
Questão 1
Questão
Source monitoring errors are thought to be a primary cause of most if not all cases of:
Responda
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spreading activation
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age related memory loss
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implicit memory
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false memory construction
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temporal lobe amnesia
Questão 2
Questão
In an experiment, memory researchers tried to convince subjects that at age 5 they had been lost in a specific place and had been comforted by an elderly lady. This had actually never happened to them. The results were that ______ of the subjects later reported this as if it were an actual memory.
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none
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most
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about 50%
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only about 25%
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only about 10%
Questão 3
Questão
Consider the results of Frederick Bartlett's research on culture-specific schemas. If you asked subjects of one culture to listen to a folktale from another culture and then retell it from memory a few days later, you should expect that they would remember some of the details and:
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refuse to guess at the details they forgot
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unconsciously replace the details they forgot with details that are culturally more familiar to them.
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unconsciously replace the details they forgot with details from stories read to them in the meantime
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deliberately replace the details they forgot with details selected at random.
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deliberately substitute for the details they forgot other details that seem to fit with the folktale culture.
Questão 4
Questão
When Emma attends a birthday party, she expects that people will give presents, sing Happy Birthday; and put candles on a cake. Her idea of what she expects to happen at this event is known as:
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a script
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selective perception
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a stereotype
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preattentive processing
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priming
Questão 5
Questão
James recently moved to Sydney from Melbourne to study psychology. He was surprised to find how rude and selfish Sydney-siders are, and how bad the pollution and traffic is. This scene was contradictory to his _______ of a typical Australian city as consisting of friendly people and plenty of space.
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cognitive map
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script
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icon
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schema
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implicit script
Questão 6
Questão
What does hypnosis tend to do to a person's memory?
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People become more confident about distorted or incorrect memories
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People remember more true information
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People remember more false information but are not confident about it
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Allow people to recall memories from when they were as young as two or three years old
Questão 7
Questão
Rebuttals have been made to the claim that there is an "epidemic of false memories of childhood sexual abuse being implanted in clients by therapists. These do NOT include :
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This claim is intended to undermine the credibility of abused women and silence their accusations.
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Memory experiments in laboratories involving word stimuli do not represent the emotional, wrenching recollections of abuse survivors.
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Because there is (often) no direct evidence of abuse, when a person later becomes convinced the memories were not true, that does not necessarily mean the memories were falsely implanted.
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The content of the memories retrieved is often filled with details and features that clients would never have seen or even considered before.
Questão 8
Questão
In the class experiment concerning 'Ants and Jelly', the mean confidence of subjects recognizing the "FOURS" sentences was expected to be the highest, and usually was (although not in all tutorials). What is most surprising about this finding is:
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every single sentence actually read out had more than four words
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every single sentence actually read out had fewer than four propositions
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"old" sentences which also had four propositions were less likely to be recognised
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"noncase" sentences which contained equal numbers of propositions were less likely to be recognized
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it demonstrates that memory for more complex sentences is actually better
Questão 9
Questão
In the class experiment concerning 'Ants and Jelly', it was predicted (and it was almost always found) that subjects correctly and confidently stated that they had not heard sentences in the "noncases" condition. This is most likely because:
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noncase sentences were, on average, shorter than those sentences read out
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noncase sentences were constructed from the same sentences as found in the "old" condition, but the word order of the propositions was reversed
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noncase sentences were not constructed from the same propositions found in the sentences which were read out
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the meaning of noncase sentences conflicted with the meaning implied by the propositions which were read out
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the noncase sentences were ungrammatical, so were easily identified as new
Questão 10
Questão
In the class experiment concerning 'Ants and Jelly', the findings suggested:
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that recognition confidence is in no way related to the number of propositions a sentence contains
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that recognition confidence for 'old' items was very poor in comparison to that for sentences containing two propositions
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a link between the number of propositions a sentence contained and recognition confidence
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strong memory for the surface structure of sentences
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poor memory for the meaning of propositions
Questão 11
Questão
According to the guidelines concerning ethical experimentation, Milgram's "obedience" experiment broke the guideline concerning STRESS because:
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the experimenter kept ordering the subjects to keep giving shocks.
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subjects were not told the shocks may be painful.
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subjects were exposed to stress.
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there was no attempt to assess or protect vulnerable participants from stress.
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all the subjects were male.
Questão 12
Questão
Arguments for and against animal experimentation can sometimes appear to be the same, yet are interpreted differently to support a pro- or anti- animal experimentation view. Which of the following arguments is often used to argue both for and against conducting experiments with animals?
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Animal behaviour is less complex than human behaviour.
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Human subjects get bored easily in experiments - animals don't.
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Animals do not have distinctly human characteristics eg. Language.
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Not treating animals and humans the same is a form of Speciesism.
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Animal subjects are cheaper and easier to obtain than human subjects.
Questão 13
Questão
Which of the following situations at Chelmsford Private Hospital (as shown in the video) breached ethics principles? (You must select all the correct answers to receive the mark)
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Some staff ignored research evidence that suggested Electro-Convulsive Therapy has no therapeutic benefits.
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Some staff did not act in a professional manner towards colleagues and patients while on hospital grounds.
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Staff sometimes failed to get patient's written consent to undergo various treatment procedures.
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Staff members did not report the unethical behaviours of their colleagues.
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Patients were sometimes forced to receive certain treatments against their wishes
Questão 14
Questão
Ethical relativism proposes that the ethical status of a particular behaviour/situation/event:
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relies on its consequences and practicality.
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does not rely on its consequences and practicality.
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relies on what each individual thinks is ethically "right".
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relies on its antecedents.
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relies on what most of the population thinks is ethically "right".
Questão 15
Questão
A researcher submits an ethics application to the human ethics committee. In the description of the experiment, subjects are to be coerced into entering a room and told to immediately begin filling-in a questionnaire. The subjects are not told the actual purpose of the questionnaire until they have finished it and handed it back to the experimenter. Some of the questions ask about personal issues (personal finances, sexual experiences) which may cause a little stress in some subjects. The experimenter has made no indication that subjects can leave the experiment if they are not comfortable answering such questions. The researcher intends to publish each subject's results along with their names.
Which ethical principles for research would the ethics committee regard as unacceptably breached in this proposal? (You must select all the correct answers to receive the mark)
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confidentiality
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stress
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informed consent
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deception
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freedom to withdraw
Questão 16
Questão
Groups of kittens are to be placed in situations of light deprivation for various amounts of time. Leo stages a noisy protest outside the laboratory, with banners reading "Animals should never suffer sensory deprivation". George, the researcher, claims that the deprivation is essential to finding out more about the early development of vision and visuo-spatial abilities. Which of the following would best describe Leo and George's ethical positions?
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Both Leo and George are relativists
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Leo is an absolutist, George is a relativist
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Leo is a relativist, George is an absolutist
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Leo is an activist, George is a realist
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Both Leo and George are absolutists
Questão 17
Questão
The primary concern of the University of Sydney's Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) is to ensure that:
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the selection of species is conducted in an appropriate manner.
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the ethical rights of human participants in experiments are extended to animal subjects.
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only tried and tested experimental procedures involving animals are used.
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animal suffering is minimised in experimental procedures and is outweighed by the likely benefit of the research.
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no pain or suffering is inflicted upon animals used in experiments.
Questão 18
Questão
Which of the following professional bodies does NOT oversee the research and professional behaviour of psychologists in Australia?
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The Australian Psychological Society.
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Animal and human ethics committees at research institutions.
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The Australian Psychotherapy Registration Board.
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The NSW Psychologists Registration Board.
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All of the above oversee research and professional behaviour.
Questão 19
Questão
Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe Milgram's "obedience" experiment?
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The 'researcher' performing the fake learning and punishment experiment (i.e. the subject) had no role to play as a researcher in the real study of authority experiment.
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Only male subjects were initially used.
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Subjects were given shocks of increasing intensity when they gave the incorrect answer to the task.
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Most subjects were, according to Milgram, ultimately happy to be part of the experiment.
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At least some of the subjects refused to press the 'maximum shock' buttons.
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