chapter 21 fill ins review

In Spain [blank_start]Charles V[blank_end] retires, giving his son [blank_start]Philip II[blank_end] the lands of [blank_start]Spain[blank_end], their Colonial Empire, Belgium, Parts of [blank_start]Italy[blank_end], lands in [blank_start]Austria[blank_end], and Netherlands.

However, then [blank_start]Phillip II[blank_end] takes over the country and empire of his neighbor [blank_start]Portugal[blank_end].

[blank_start]Phillip II[blank_end]'s empire brought him incredible wealth including [blank_start]339,000[blank_end] pounds of gold and [blank_start]16,000[blank_end] tons of silver, in which he was able to keep [blank_start]1/4[blank_end]th to [blank_start]1/5[blank_end]th of each ship load.

While he was rich and successful, [blank_start]Phillip II[blank_end] also felt like he should be the defender of [blank_start]Catholicism[blank_end] and fought for [blank_start]Pope[blank_end] and against the [blank_start]Ottoman[blank_end] Empire and the country of [blank_start]England[blank_end]

This success also lead to a [blank_start]Golden Age[blank_end] of Spain. In this era, artists such as [blank_start]El Greco[blank_end] and [blank_start]Diego Velasquez[blank_end] flourished in Spanish painting. In literature, [blank_start]Miguel de Cervantes[blank_end] wrote his masterpiece "[blank_start]Don Quixote[blank_end]"

However, the Spanish Empire began to weaken, especially in fighting a war against the [blank_start]Netherlands[blank_end] who won their independence. The new country formed was called the [blank_start]United Provinces of the Netherlands[blank_end] and their government was a [blank_start]republic[blank_end].

Artists also flourished in the [blank_start]Netherlands[blank_end] with artists such as [blank_start]Rembrandt van Rijn[blank_end] and [blank_start]Jan Vermeer[blank_end].

They were economically successful because of their [blank_start]trading empire[blank_end]

However, this was the Age of [blank_start]Absolutism[blank_end], which kings and queens were justified by ruling with a belief called a [blank_start]Divine Right[blank_end].

The icon of this era was [blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end] of France

In France [blank_start]Henry IV[blank_end] gains the throne by converting from [blank_start]Huguenot[blank_end] to [blank_start]Catholic[blank_end]. He had an untimely death by [blank_start]stabbing[blank_end]. His son, [blank_start]Louis XIII[blank_end] takes over the country but was not ready to rule, so he appointed [blank_start]Cardinal Richelieu[blank_end] to be his chief minister.

[blank_start]Cardinal Richelieu[blank_end] increased power to the French crown in two ways by having [blank_start]Huguenots[blank_end] and [blank_start]nobles[blank_end] take down their [blank_start]fortifications[blank_end].

Since this was an era of changes, a new intellectual movement was started in France called [blank_start]Skepticism[blank_end]. This was the idea that nothing was known for certain. The two main philosophers of this movement was [blank_start]Michael de Montaigne[blank_end] and [blank_start]Rene Descartes[blank_end].

[blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end] came to power at age [blank_start]5[blank_end]. Since he was too young, another Cardinal, [blank_start]Mazarin[blank_end], was brought in to be a regent until this Cardinal's death. [blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end] officially assumed the throne at age [blank_start]22[blank_end].

[blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end] did not choose his [blank_start]nobles[blank_end] to have power, but increased the power of his [blank_start]intendants[blank_end]. The key reason for this was that now [blank_start]taxes[blank_end] would come directly to [blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end]. Louis XIV;s most important appointment was [blank_start]Jean Baptiste Colbert[blank_end] who believed that France should become more [blank_start]self-sufficient[blank_end].

[blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end]'s nickname became the [blank_start]Sun King[blank_end]. He furthered this image and nickname by massively expanding his palace at [blank_start]Versailles[blank_end]. This palace cost the French [blank_start]25[blank_end]% to build and maintain this palace complex. Some of the facts about this palace include that it has [blank_start]2,153[blank_end] windows and [blank_start]2,014[blank_end] acres of palace grounds. With this palace and other art being created in this era, no one had spend as much on art since [blank_start]Augustus Caesar[blank_end]. However, the difference with all this art was that this art was all about [blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end].

However much like [blank_start]Phillip II[blank_end] of Spain, [blank_start]Louis XIV[blank_end] of France fought many wars. His biggest was the war of [blank_start]Spanish Succession[blank_end] where he tried to place his grandson on the throne of [blank_start]Spain[blank_end]. The biggest winner of these wars was the country of [blank_start]Great Britain[blank_end].

In Central Europe, [blank_start]Prussia[blank_end] and [blank_start]Austria[blank_end] began to emerge as the two powers in Central Europe in the Age of Absolutism. However, Central Europe began this era with the [blank_start]30 Years War[blank_end], which started in [blank_start]Bohemia[blank_end] by [blank_start]Ferdinand II[blank_end] who would eventually be their king.

For the first [blank_start]12[blank_end] years of the war, the [blank_start]Hapsburg[blank_end] armies crushed their enemies and plundered [blank_start]German[blank_end] villages. [blank_start]Germany[blank_end]'s population went from [blank_start]20[blank_end] million to [blank_start]16[blank_end] million people. This war ended when [blank_start]Gustavus Adolphus[blank_end] of [blank_start]Sweden[blank_end] joined together with [blank_start]Cardinal Richelieu[blank_end] and [blank_start]Mazarin[blank_end] of [blank_start]France[blank_end]. This mattered because now instead of fighting for religion, countries now fought for their [blank_start]nation[blank_end].

After this war, 3 places formed as countries / empires which were [blank_start]Poland[blank_end], [blank_start]Holy Roman Empire[blank_end], and [blank_start]Ottoman Empire[blank_end]. However, all of these countries had major weaknesses. One of the issues with Central/Eastern Europe was that while Western Europe was freeing their [blank_start]serfs[blank_end], Eastern Europe was restricting them with more laws.

Again the two powerful countries that emerged were [blank_start]Austria[blank_end] and [blank_start]Prussia[blank_end] who were ruled by the [blank_start]Hapsburg[blank_end] and [blank_start]Hohenzollerns[blank_end] families.

The [blank_start]Hapsburg[blank_end] family ruled the [blank_start]Austria[blank_end] empire. The problem with the [blank_start]Austrian Empire[blank_end] was the it was very multicultural and would never be united. The greatest ruler of this empire, at this time was [blank_start]Maria Theresa[blank_end] who married many of her children into the rest of the royal families of Europe.

On the other hand, [blank_start]Prussia[blank_end] was a state in the modern day countries of [blank_start]Germany[blank_end] and [blank_start]Poland[blank_end]. They were ruled by the [blank_start]Hohenzollern[blank_end] family. The greatest ruler of this family was [blank_start]Frederick the Great[blank_end].

[blank_start]Prussia[blank_end] and [blank_start]Austria[blank_end] fought in wars for more power. Countries that also fought in these wars were [blank_start]France[blank_end] and [blank_start]Great Britain[blank_end]. Again, the country that would make out the best in all of these wars was [blank_start]Great Britain[blank_end]. While not much power or land changed hands in [blank_start]Europe[blank_end], but land did change hands in [blank_start]North America[blank_end] and [blank_start]India[blank_end].

In Russia, [blank_start]Ivan IV[blank_end] came to the throne at age [blank_start]16[blank_end]. He became a "[blank_start]czar[blank_end]" or russian king because he married the last Byzantine princess [blank_start]Anastasia Romanov[blank_end]. However, he is more popularly known as [blank_start]Ivan the Terrible[blank_end]. His wife had an untimely death and he blamed the [blank_start]Boyars[blank_end], or Russian land owning nobles for her death. He then hunted down these [blank_start]boyars[blank_end]. their [blank_start]families[blank_end], their [blank_start]serfs[blank_end], and their [blank_start]serfs' families[blank_end]. He also killed his [blank_start]son[blank_end].

After this reign [blank_start]Michael Romanov[blank_end] was chosen to rule. This began the [blank_start]Romanov[blank_end] dynasty which lasted from [blank_start]1613[blank_end] to [blank_start]1912[blank_end]. Their first great [blank_start]czar[blank_end] would be [blank_start]Peter the Great[blank_end].

The problems with Russia when [blank_start]Peter the Great[blank_end] came to power were many, especially with the [blank_start]boyars[blank_end] and [blank_start]serfs[blank_end]. When he first became czar, [blank_start]Peter the Great[blank_end] went on the [blank_start]Grand Embassy[blank_end], where he travelled every major [blank_start]European country[blank_end]. When he came back to Russia, [blank_start]Peter the Great[blank_end] realized he needed to modernize, or [blank_start]westernize[blank_end].

His three main ways of achieving this were by dealing with the [blank_start]Orthodox Church[blank_end], [blank_start]Limiting the Boyars[blank_end], and [blank_start]Russia's military[blank_end]. However, his greatest achievement of his reign was building his new warm water port and capital city [blank_start]St. Petersburg[blank_end] where he also built his palace know as [blank_start]The Hermitage[blank_end].