Human Development

What is developmental Psychology concerned with?

Development is unpredictable changes in behaviour associated with age.

The adolescence stage of Life Span development is:

Stages in life are all considered to be abrupt changes, called discontinuity.

To say that changes are developed by nature means that:

The Critical Period in development is a biologically determined period in the life of animals during which certain forms of learning can take place most easily.

The sensitive period is the least optimal for learning because children have trouble dealing with their feelings and are easily confused.

Dani's Story was used as an example in class. She..

Normative investigations

Cross-sectional design is a way to study development that involves the study pf different groups of participants based on chronological ages observed at the same time.

Longitudinal design is:

The advantages of a longitudinal design include:

Those who assess development can include:

Cognitive development is the study of the processes and products of the mind as they emerge and change over time.

John Locke (empiricism) believed...

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that infants enter the world with learned knowledge through evolutionary history which shapes development.

Jean [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end] believed that representations of [blank_start]reality[blank_end] change at different stages- needed for adaptation. He wasn't interested in the amount of knowledge. Mental structures that enable individuals to interpret the world are called [blank_start]schemes[blank_end]. [blank_start]Assimilation[blank_end] is the idea that we modify new environmental information to [blank_start]fit[blank_end] into what is already known, where [blank_start]accommodation[blank_end] is the restructuring or modifying of a child's [blank_start]existing[blank_end] schemes so that new information is [blank_start]accounted[blank_end] for.

Examples of assimilation:

A child realizing that the bacon they are eating is actually a pig is an example of Piaget's theory of assimilation.

The concrete operations stage is:

Egocentrism is/relates to:

Centration is the tendency for attention to not focus on any part of an object, sometimes ignoring it altogether.

Renee [blank_start]Baillargeon[blank_end] had a contemporary cognitive view about [blank_start]infrant cognition.[blank_end] He demonstrated that some aspects of Piaget's stages don't occur in order. This is called [blank_start]violation[blank_end] of expectation experiments, given the example of rudimentary object permanence actually occurred at a [blank_start]younger[blank_end] age, being 4-5 months.

Theory of Mind...

Lev Vygotsky (Internalization)- the process of absorbing [blank_start]knowledge[blank_end] from the social and cultural context that has a [blank_start]major[blank_end] impact on how cognition unfolds over time. The zone of [blank_start]Proximal development[blank_end] is the difference between what a learner can do without [blank_start]help[blank_end] and what he or she can do with [blank_start]help[blank_end].

Fluid intelligence shows a greater increase with age.

Social development is how an individual's social interactions and expectations remain the same over time.

Erikson's psychosocial stages represent

Erikson's psychosocial stages are: 0-1 1/2 [blank_start]Trust[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]Mistrust[blank_end] 1 1/2 - 3 [blank_start]Autonomy[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]self-doubt[blank_end] 3-6 [blank_start]Initiative[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]Guilt[blank_end] 6-puberty [blank_start]Competence[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]Inferiority[blank_end] Adolescent- [blank_start]Identity[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]Confusion[blank_end] Early adult- [blank_start]Intimacy[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]isolation[blank_end] Middle adult- [blank_start]generativity[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]stagnation[blank_end] Later adult- [blank_start]Ego integrity[blank_end] vs. [blank_start]despair[blank_end]

At 18 months, a child develops

Socialization is a lifelong process through which an individual's behaviour patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives are shaped to conform those regarded as desirable in a particular society.

What is temperament?

[blank_start]Attachment[blank_end] is intense social-emotional relationship with mother, father, or regular caregiver. Some species experience [blank_start]imprinting[blank_end] of the first moving object they see (Konrad Lorenz). John Bowlby says that humans are biologically predisposed to form attachments. He agreed with Maslow. He says attachment forms lifelong schema for relationships called [blank_start]internal working model[blank_end]. In class we watched a video portraying this, demonstrating Mary Ainsworth and the Strange Situation Test. The three main types of attachment style are secure, insecure-avoidant, and [blank_start]insecure-ambivalent/resistant[blank_end].This can be highly predictive of [blank_start]child's[blank_end] later behaviour and interactions with others.

Parenting styles are based off of demandingness and their ability to keep a child inline.

If a parent is INDULGENT, their parenting style is:

Freud's Cupboard Theory is that bonding has many purposes, including feeding, loving, learning and safety.

There have been several monkey studies. Harry Harlow and Stephen Suomi both did these experiments. They found that:

Adolescent ego-centrism is the quality of thinking that leads some adolescents to believe that they are the focus of attention in social situations, to believe that their problems are unique to be unusually hypocritical, and to be "pseudostupid".

The main aspects of social development for adults are:

In regards to adulthood, personality is fairly stable over time, and changes are predictable.

According to Kubler-Ross there are five stages of death and dying

Morality is a system of beliefs, values, and underlying judgements about the rightness or wrongness of human acts

Lawrence [blank_start]Kohlberg[blank_end] and the theory of moral [blank_start]development[blank_end]- studied moral reasoning in [blank_start]seven[blank_end] stages. This was shaped by [blank_start]Piaget[blank_end], changing importance of consequences of [blank_start]acts[blank_end] and [blank_start]intentions[blank_end]. Moral [blank_start]dilemmas[blank_end] used to evaluate reasons for moral [blank_start]decisions[blank_end]. Children do not see morality as adults do- they are more interested in what others think.

Kohlberg's model states that:

Carol Gilligan believed that both males and females based their morality on caring for others and maintaining harmony in social relations

There is less activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) when someone is lying.