Biology: Section 2- Cells

magnification= size of image / size of real object

magnification= size of real object / size of image

A cold, buffered solution with a similar water potential to the sample

Nothing

A warmed solution with a high pH

The preparation of the sample for cell fractionation

The breaking down of cells in a homogeniser

The removal of foreign objects in a sample

The cell fragments are separated in a centrifuge

Fragmentation of cells

Nuclei- 3500 min-1

Mitochondria- 16500 min-1

Lysosomes- 1000 min-1

Nuclei- 1000 min-1

Mitochondria- 3500 min-1

Lysosomes- 16500 min-1

A thin sample is used to create a photomicrograph-not in colour. A photomicrograph is a 2D flat image due to the thinness of the sample and it has a resolution of 0.1 nanometres.

Sample does not need to be too thin as electrons don't penetrate. Creates a 3D image which can be coloured and it has a resolution of 20 nanometres.

Nucleus

mitochondria

Chloroplasts

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Ribosomes-80s

Ribosomes- 70s

Cell wall

Vacuoles

DNA

Cell wall

Nucleus

Plasmid

Capsule

Cell-surface membrane

Attachment protiens

Circular DNA

flagellum

Cytoplasm

Capsid

Cell wall

Attachment protein

RNA

DNA

Capsule

Reverse Transcripase

matrix

Cytoplasm

lipid envelope

Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase

Prophase, Metaphase,Telophase, Anphase

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase