Questão 1
Questão
Action potential of neurons is mainly a result of
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Na and K
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Na and Mg
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Ca and K
Questão 2
Questão
Strength of ion currents during action potential is related to
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Duration of hyperpolarisation action potential phase
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Equilibrium potentials of ions
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Distance from point of stimulation
Questão 3
Questão
During action potential which quantity is altered
Questão 4
Questão
Membrane potential operated channels are on
Questão 5
Questão 6
Questão
Ion channel blockers
Questão 7
Questão
Ion channels are filled with
Questão 8
Questão
Action potential is
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alteration of electric polarity of the membrane when cell moves
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membrane response to over-threshold irritation
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nonelectric quantity with chemical nature
Questão 9
Questão
At physiological condition cell membrane is
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solid structure
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gas
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liquid-crystal structure
Questão 10
Questão
Membrane hyperpolarization leads to
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elevation of the membrane potential
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decrease of the membranes potential
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alteration of membrane charge sign
Questão 11
Questão
Membrane depolarization leads to
Questão 12
Questão
Resting potential of cell membrane is measured in
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Megavolts
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Volts (v)
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Millavolts (mv)
Questão 13
Questão
Action potential duration ten times of
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seconds
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milliseconds
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nanoseconds
Questão 14
Questão
Which term is not related to action potential
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Overshoot
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Entropy
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Depolarisation
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Threshold
Questão 15
Questão
During the action potential
Questão 16
Questão
The first law or principle of thermodynamics(TD) is defined for
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covered TD system
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closed TD system
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opened TD system
Questão 17
Questão
The ionophores are
Questão 18
Questão
Blocking of Na/K pump working non-electrogenous in stage
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make depolarization of cell membrane
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make hyperpolarisation of cell membrane
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make no alteration of cell membrane
Questão 19
Questão
The administration of the blocker tetradotoxin led to alteration of following stage of action potential
Questão 20
Questão
Electrochemical potential is measured by
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direct method with non polarized electrodes
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by the disperse phase velocity in constant electric field
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direct method- electrophoresis with constant electric field
Questão 21
Questão
In Boltzmann equation
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entropy is directly proportional to the temperature
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entropy logarithmically depends on the thermodynamic probability
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entropy is directly proportional to the thermodynamical probability
Questão 22
Questão
The filaments of muscles are based on
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actin fibers
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troponin globules
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myosin fibers
Questão 23
Questão
In cell membranes are present
Questão 24
Questão
The basic condition for arising of membrane potential
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difference of ion concentration on the two sides of them
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difference of temperature concentration on two sides of the membranes
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"one way" permeability of the membrane
Questão 25
Questão
The classic electrophoresis is performed by
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a constant current
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alternated current
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magnetic field
Questão 26
Questão
Smooth muscles are two types
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phasic and tonic
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tonic and synergic
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phasic and antagonistic
Questão 27
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Only phosphorylated myosin can bind to actin
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Ca2+ calmodulin causes phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase(MLCK)
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Phosphorylated MLCK causes phosphorylation of myosin
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A, B and C
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None of the above
Questão 28
Questão
Each globular head group (often called a crossbridge) of a myosin molecule of skeletal muscle contains:
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A binding site for the attachment of troponin
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A binding site for the attachment of tropomyosin
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An actin binding site and a myosin ATPase site
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One site which binds troponin and another which binds tropomyosin
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A site which is phosphorylated by protein kinase A(PKA), thereby allowing interaction with actin
Questão 29
Questão
In order to make ATP (adenosine triphophate) in muscles, creatine phosphate (CP) transfers ________________ to adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
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Oxygen
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Phosphate
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Adenosine
Questão 30
Questão
A sacromere is part of a
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Myofibril
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Myofilament
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Endomysium
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Perimysium
Questão 31
Questão
Differences between striated (skeletal, cardiac) muscle and unstriated (smooth) muscle include:
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only unstriated muscle is innervated by autonomic nervous system
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only striated muscle exhibits pacemaker activity
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striated muscle can contract in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, but unstriated muscle cannot
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only unstratied muscle has gap junctions
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none of the above are true
Questão 32
Questão
As a skeletal muscle contracts
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The A bands become shorter
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The I band become shorter
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Adjacent Z lines become farther apart
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The H zones don't change in size
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The M lines become shorter
Questão 33
Questão
The period of contraction of a typical ventricular muscle fiber is
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about the same as that of a typical slow skeletal muscle fiber
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shorter than that of a typical atrial muscle fiber
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slightly longer in duration than the action potential in the ventricular fiber
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slightly shorter in duration than the action potential in the ventricular fiber
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longer in duration than contraction in any smooth muscle cell
Questão 34
Questão
The transverse tubular system of skeletal muscle
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has a very small lumenal volume and large surface area relative to the cytoplasmic volume and surface area of the fiber
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propogates action potentials at about the same speed as the surface membrane
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forms gap junctions with the sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)
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never comes closer than about 1 micron from the SR membrane
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does not contain voltage-gated Na+ channels
Questão 35
Questão
During the plateau (phase 2) of the ventricular action potential
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Na+ channels remain open causing the continued depolarization
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Ca2+ channels are mostly closed
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K+ permeability of the membrane is greater than when the membrane is at rest
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Both Ca2+ and K+ permeability of the membrane is lower than when the membrane is at rest
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none of these
Questão 36
Questão
Contractility (or inotropic state) of cardiac muscle is increased by
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increased stretch of cardiac muscle (e.g increased filling of the heart)
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increased myoplasmic Ca2+ during systole
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Ca2+ channel blockers
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Decreased coronary blood supply
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Both A and B will increase contractility
Questão 37
Questão
The sequence for smooth muscle contraction is....
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, complex binds with myosin light-chain kinase which uses ATP to phosphorylate myosin cross-bridges, which bind to actin filaments, resulting in contraction
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which binds with myosin cross-bridges resulting in contraction
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increased cytosolic calcium, which binds to calmodulin in cytosol, which moves tromyosin from blocking active sites on actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges, resulting in contraction
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increase cytosolic calcium, which binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin from blocking active actin filament, which binds with myosin cross-bridges resulting to contraction
Questão 38
Questão
The neuron action potential starts with
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Na+ influx
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Na+ eflux
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N+ influx
Questão 39
Questão
The membrane potential after accessing its maximal valve by constant condition
Questão 40
Questão
The trans-membrane proteins in difference with peripheral
Questão 41
Questão
The most punctual definition of membrane potential valve is defined with the equation of
Questão 42
Questão
Sodium-potassium pump in electrogenic condition
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depolarized cell membrane
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repolarized cell membrane
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hyperpolarized cell membrane
Questão 43
Questão
TTX tetrodoxin is a blocker of
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potassium channels
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sodium channels
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calcium channels
Questão 44
Questão
The contraction of striated muscle
Questão 45
Questão
Thin filaments of muscle
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Actin fibers
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Troponin
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Myosin fibers
Questão 46
Questão
Striated muscles are characterized
Questão 47
Questão
Source of calcium needed for contraction striated muscle (rapid transition)
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Extracellular
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Motor Neurons
Questão 48
Questão
Hyperpolarisation phase of striated muscles
Questão 49
Questão
Mark the correct expression
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all ion channels let pass ions from extra to intra cellular compartment
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all ion channels let pass ions from intra to intra cellular compartment
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ion flow depends on ion type and membrane potential
Questão 50
Questão
The membrane theory of excitation is based on the idea that stimulation of the surface membrane of an excitable cell causes a molecular restructuring that alters the membrane’s permeability and gives rise to transmembranous ion currents
Questão 51
Questão
Source of calcium needed for contraction striated muscle tissue (rapid transition) is
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Extracellular
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Motor Neurons
Questão 52
Questão
Contraction of smooth muscle is _____________ than that of skeletal muscle
Questão 53
Questão
The trans-membrane transport (transdiffusion) is similar to
Questão 54
Questão
Smooth muscle's slow wave is defined by
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Concentration of Na+, K+ and Ca2+
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Concentrations of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ pump
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Concentrations of Na+, K+ and Na/K pump
Questão 55
Questão
Order the polarizations according to their time of appearing
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Ionic, Dipolar, Macrostructural
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Surface, Dipolar, Ionic
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Surface, Macrostructural, Dipolar
Questão 56
Questão
The membrane potential after reaching maximum value
Questão 57
Questão
The membrane lipids are
Questão 58
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transmembrane
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membrane receptor
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organized in layers
Questão 59
Questão
The plateau phase of myocardial cells is determined by
Questão 60
Questão
Membrane potential depends on