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Self & Identity

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social saved (Finished ) Quiz sobre Self & Identity, criado por murat sertay em 15-08-2016.
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Which of the following argued that there is nothing beyond us other than our physical selves? As in, there is only the physical us and nothing more. This is known as the bundle theory.
Responda
  • Hume
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury
  • James
  • McDougall
  • Watson

Questão 2

Questão
Which of the following argued that we perceive ourselves through others? As in, the conceptualisation of ourselves comes from what we think others see us as, and not from our own selves. This is known as the ego theory.
Responda
  • Cooley
  • Hume
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury

Questão 3

Questão
"[blank_start]Self-schemata[blank_end] are cognitive generalisations about the self, derived from past experience, that organise and guide the processing of self-related information contained in an individual's experience." (Markus, 1977)
Responda
  • Self-schemata
  • Cognitions
  • Attributions
  • Ideologies
  • Social representations

Questão 4

Questão
Which of the following best describes this theory: "... is the idea that our ideas and self-representations are fluid and open to changing at any given time, and are adaptable to certain social contexts. They can become active or salient at any time during interactions.
Responda
  • Dynamic self-concept
  • Covariation model
  • Configuration model
  • Rational choice theory
  • Internal attribution bias

Questão 5

Questão
Which of the following argued that there is another one of us, metaphysically, and are more than just physical elements?
Responda
  • Reid
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury
  • Watson
  • Gergen
  • James

Questão 6

Questão
Schematic information is easier to process than aschematic information (Druian & Catrambone, 1986). True or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 7

Questão
What are the motivations that Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) investigated when looking at consumer behaviour?
Responda
  • Identity and emotional
  • Rational and irrational
  • Internal and external
  • Happiness and sadness
  • Justified and unjustified

Questão 8

Questão
Which of the following best describes symbolic interactionism?
Responda
  • The meaning that people attribute to objects in social interaction
  • The meaning that people attribute to themselves in social interaction
  • The manifestation of self with semantic meaning in social interaction
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 9

Questão
Who argued that the Dynamic Self-Concept is not diverse enough because it does not account for the different ways in which people perceive themselves?
Responda
  • Marks and Kitayama (1991)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)
  • Wong and Goodwin (2009)
  • Duval and Wicklud (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Questão 10

Questão
One research suggested that an individual's inward focus leads to heightened self-awareness and discrepancies between themselves and evaluative standards. This often leads to a negative affective state. Who are they?
Responda
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Markus and Kitayama (1991)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)

Questão 11

Questão
A positive affective state will often have traits of an outward focus (expansive, explorative, and affiliative orientation with the outside world). However, a negative affective state will have an inward focus (avoidance orientation to the outside world). This is the correlation of affective state as a determiner of attentional focus. Who said this?
Responda
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Onorato and Turner (2004)

Questão 12

Questão
Higgins (1987) suggested that actual-ought discrepancies lead to [blank_start]social anxiety[blank_end], whilst actual-ideal discrepancies lead to [blank_start]depression[blank_end].
Responda
  • social anxiety
  • self-schemata
  • internal attribution
  • avoidance
  • depression
  • physical illness
  • anorexia
  • bulimia
  • schizophrenia

Questão 13

Questão
One research suggested that a negative affective state leads to poor behavioural self-regulation (e.g. bad hygiene, unhealthy eating, loneliness), whilst a positive affective state leads to good behavioural self-regulation (e.g. good hygiene, healthy eating, positive outlook). Who said this?
Responda
  • Duval and Wicklund (1972)
  • Watts and Stenner (2013)
  • Baumeister (et al., 2005)
  • Higgins (1987)
  • Sedikides and Green (2000)

Questão 14

Questão
Brown (1973) found that factory workers would prefer a lower weekly salary if it ensured a positive differential (i.e. that the group had a higher salary) compared to another group of workers in the same factory. Brown argued that this is because of a desire to positively distinguish themselves from other groups. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 15

Questão
According to Drury and Reicher (1999), a person's social identity can change their behaviour, as well as social interactions with groups can change their social identities. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 16

Questão
According to Sampson (1988, 1993), there are three types of individualism. [blank_start]Self-contained individualism[blank_end] is a predominantly Western ideology that stresses separation from others, and near total independence. [blank_start]Ensembled individualism[blank_end] is a largely non-Western ideology about the individual that is interconnected with others (e.g. relationships, society) that cannot be readily separated from others. They are not mutually exclusive. The [blank_start]dialogic self[blank_end] suggests that the construction of an individual is within social dialogue with other individuals. Meanwhile, the [blank_start]relational self[blank_end] refers to the relation with others and is also interconnected in terms of both society and relationships.
Responda
  • Self-contained individualism
  • Self-referred individualism
  • Self-obtained individualism
  • Individualism
  • Ensembled individualism
  • Relational individualism
  • Discursive individualism
  • Attributional individualism
  • Covariant individualism
  • dialogic self
  • understood self
  • wider self
  • conversational self
  • covariant self
  • relational self
  • unrelational self
  • self-contained self
  • individual self
  • continental self

Questão 17

Questão
"Becuase we believe in self-contained individuals who think, feel, weigh evidence and values, and act accordingly, we also inherit a handy way of understanding bad action - weirdness, crime, harassment, bigotry and so on. "In all cases we are led to suspect a fault in the internal functioning of the individual. Individuals cause problems and individuals must be repaired - through therapy, education imprisonment, and so on." Who said this?
Responda
  • Gergen
  • Sampson
  • Smail
  • Prilleltensky
  • Locke
  • Shaftesbury

Questão 18

Questão
Which are the two identities that refer to how individuals have a solid, stable identity and one that is fluid and ever-changing depending on the interactions a person has?
Responda
  • Core and self-identity
  • Rational and irrational identity
  • Positive and negative identity
  • Self-contained and ensembled identity
  • None of the above

Questão 19

Questão
"Our social selves is partly predicated on how others see us in different social situations, and not totally dependent on us" Who said this?
Responda
  • Mead
  • Locke
  • Gergen
  • Tajfel
  • Smail

Questão 20

Questão
According to Tajfel (1979) and the Social Identity Theory, when part of a group of collective of individuals with similar backgrounds to ourselves, we develop a sense of belonging to a particular identity. We also exaggerate our own identity and status as well as others (e.g. "England is the best country to live in," "Italy is the worst"), which then forms in-groups, us and those like us, and out-groups, almost everyone else. We discriminate the out-group to enhance our own. This connects with discrimination (e.g. sexism, racism) and prejudice between cultures. Is this true or false?
Responda
  • True
  • False

Questão 21

Questão
"Inter-group" means...
Responda
  • Between two (or more) groups
  • Between members of one group
  • Neither

Questão 22

Questão
Sherif (1954, 1958, 1961) argued that intergroup hostility occurs when:
Responda
  • Attempting to establish the "best" social identity
  • Competing for limited resources
  • Trying to dissolve the other group
  • Exaggerating one's own in-group
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 23

Questão
Internal attribution is when we assign:
Responda
  • The cause of behaviours to internal factors (within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviours to external factors (not within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviours to both internal and external factors
  • None of the above

Questão 24

Questão
External attribution is when we assign:
Responda
  • The cause of behaviour to internal characteristics (within our, or that person's, control)
  • The cause of behaviour to external factors (outside of, or that person's, control
  • The cause of behaviour to societal factors only
  • The cause of behaviour to our metaphysical self
  • None of the above

Questão 25

Questão
The Covariation Model (Kelley, 1967) explains how individuals assign particular actions or behaviours to either internal (a person's characteristics) or external (the environment) control. Low factors are predicated on internal attribution, and high on external. What are the three critiera that people use?
Responda
  • Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
  • Consensus, discourse, consistency
  • Covariance, distinctiveness, consensus
  • All of the above
  • None of the above

Questão 26

Questão
According to Kelley's (1967) Covariation Model, we fall on past experience and look for:
Responda
  • Multiple sufficient and necessary causes
  • Multiple rational and irrational causes
  • Multiple emotional and identical causes
  • Multiple individualistic and existential causes
  • None of the above

Questão 27

Questão
According to Kuhn and McPartland (1954) in the "Twenty Statements Test", which part of us is as socially defined as it is introspectively knowable?
Responda
  • Self
  • External self

Questão 28

Questão
According to Epstein (1973), a major function of self-theory is to do what to positive experiences?
Responda
  • Optimise them
  • Incentivise them
  • Dysregulate them

Questão 29

Questão
Self-schema refers to:
Responda
  • Issues and topics that are either relevant, or irrelevant to our self-schema
  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves

Questão 30

Questão
Self-schema refers to:
Responda
  • A collection of ideas that a person holds about themselves
  • A collection of issues and topics that are relevant, or otherwise, to our self-schemas

Questão 31

Questão
Categorisation refers to:
Responda
  • How we think about people in terms of groups and categories
  • How we think about people in terms of their individual selves

Questão 32

Questão
We are ________ on dimensions that are important in defining who we are, and we are ________ in dimensions that are not important to who we are
Responda
  • Schematic and aschematic
  • Self-identified and non-identified

Questão 33

Questão
According to Markus and Sentis (1982, cited in Fiske & Taylor, 1991), would you be faster or slower to respond to self-descriptors if they were schematic (related) to you?
Responda
  • Yes, you would be
  • No, you would not be

Questão 34

Questão
According to Markus and Wurf (1987), do "people tend to judge others on dimensions that are personally important to themselves"? For example, a person who values financial security will judge others on how they handle their income.
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 35

Questão
A working self-concept refers to:
Responda
  • Currently active or salient self-concepts that are selectively-based
  • A large pool of self-concepts that are either always active or salient

Questão 36

Questão
An affective state is:
Responda
  • A person's emotional state at a given time
  • A person's emotional state in the past or previously
  • A person's emotional state gearing towards the future

Questão 37

Questão
Synonymous with self-concept, _____-________ refers to the way in which an individual construes (or thinks about) themselves.
Responda
  • Self-construal
  • Self-constructivist
  • Self-thought

Questão 38

Questão
The more that a person adopts an interdependent view of self, do they more or less the view themselves in relation to others?
Responda
  • They view themselves more in relation to others
  • They view themselves less in relation to others

Questão 39

Questão
The more that a person adopts an independent view of self, do they more or less view themselves to be internally attributed?
Responda
  • More internally attributed
  • Less internally attributed

Questão 40

Questão
According to Markus and Kitayama (1991), ________ ________ will differ depending on whether an independent or interdependent construal self is at work.
Responda
  • Affective state
  • Affective response
  • Affective decision

Questão 41

Questão
According to Vignoles, Chryssochoou, and Breakwell (2004), should we presume such homogenised understandings of self within any one culture?
Responda
  • Yes, we should
  • No, we should not

Questão 42

Questão
Onorato and Turner (2004) argued against the idea of a working self-concept. This is because they believe that self is not always thought about in personal terms. Instead, they believe in:
Responda
  • Fluid transitioning between personal and self-identities
  • Rigid and hierarchical structures of personal and self-identities

Questão 43

Questão
Social comparison refers to:
Responda
  • Comparisons made between one's self and others
  • Comparisons made between one's own internal attributions and their external attributions

Questão 44

Questão
According to Sedikides (1993), is asking oneself questions a good way to understand themselves?
Responda
  • Yes, it is
  • No, it's not

Questão 45

Questão
According to Tesser (1988) and the self-evaluation maintenance model, can we increase our self-esteem by observing others?
Responda
  • Yes, we can
  • No, we cannot

Questão 46

Questão
According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others that are talented in the abilities we are sure about, this will:
Responda
  • Positively affect our self-esteem
  • Negatively affect our self-esteem

Questão 47

Questão
According to Tesser (1988), if we compare ourselves to others in abilities that are not important to us, this:
Responda
  • Will certainly affect our self-esteem
  • This will not affect our self-esteem

Questão 48

Questão
Can we counterbalance against possible negative effects of self-esteem? For example, by exaggerating the ability of a successful target, changing comparison, distancing ourselves, or devaluing them (Tesser, 1988)?
Responda
  • Yes, we can
  • No, we cannot

Questão 49

Questão
In response to the Tesser (1988) model, Stapel and Blanton (2004) argued that:
Responda
  • Not all comaprisons are conscious and deliberate
  • All comparisons are conscious and deliberate

Questão 50

Questão
Blanton and Stapel (2008) followed on from their work to evaluate the Tesser (1988) model. They found that:
Responda
  • It does not always require contrasting, but can also involve unconscious assimilation
  • It always requires contrasting, whether it is conscious or otherwise

Questão 51

Questão
Did Blanton and Stapel argue that our responses could be unconscious and spontaneous, rather than deliberate?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 52

Questão
Self-regulation refers to:
Responda
  • The way in which we regulate ourselves
  • The way in which we regulate others

Questão 53

Questão
Wirtz (et al., 2006) developed on the Bauermeister (et al., 2005) study to suggest that those with hypertension have what type of self-regulation?
Responda
  • Higher self-regulation
  • Lower self-regulation

Questão 54

Questão
Bauermeister (et al., 2005) found that participants exposed to 'social exclusion' did what?
Responda
  • Did not consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate more cookies, quit sooner on a frustrating task and performed less well on an attention-related task
  • Were better able to consume "healthy, but bad-tasting beverages", ate less cookies, had more resolve, and performed better on attention-related tasks

Questão 55

Questão
Does the Dittmar (et al., 2007) model suggest that materialistic value orientation can give rise to compulsive shopping?
Responda
  • Yes, it can
  • No, it cannot

Questão 56

Questão
According to the Dittmar, Long and Bond (2007) research, does the ownership and acquisition of materialistic goods help to achieve major life goals?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 57

Questão
Ideal self refers to:
Responda
  • What people are right now when they are most content
  • What people want to be, ideally

Questão 58

Questão
Can individuals believe that by acquiring materialistic value for their ideal selves will help them improve their social image? Will it form a strong identity motivation?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 59

Questão
Tajfel (1969) and the research into minimal groups looked at what?
Responda
  • How participants appeared to think of themselves - as well as act - in terms so group membership
  • How participants appeared to think of themselves outside of the individual they are

Questão 60

Questão
Social identity refers to:
Responda
  • Our sense of selves as being a member of groups
  • Our sense of selves as being a member of our individual selves

Questão 61

Questão
Across a series of experiments, Tajfel (1970) found that participants made choices that did or did not show concern about there being a difference between the groups?
Responda
  • Did make choices that differentiated the two groups
  • Did not make decisions that differentiated between the two groups

Questão 62

Questão
An ingroup is:
Responda
  • Where we belong
  • Where others belong

Questão 63

Questão
An outgroup is:
Responda
  • Where we belong
  • Where others belong

Questão 64

Questão
Is the theory by Turner (et al., 1987) more general or specific than the self-categorisation theory?
Responda
  • More general
  • More specific

Questão 65

Questão
According to Onorato and Turner (2004), can people switch from personal identities to social identities? For example, a person boarding a train may have an active personal identity. However, if that same train was then boarded by football supporters of a rival team, their social identity may replace their personal one instead.
Responda
  • Yes, they can
  • No, they cannot

Questão 66

Questão
According to Hinkle and Brown (1990), as well as support from Mummendey, Klink, and Brown (2001) in response to the social identity theory, are ingroup-outgroup attitudes in behaviours that influence comparisons relational?
Responda
  • Yes, they are context dependent
  • No, they remain constant

Questão 67

Questão
According to Baumeister (1987), has historical research on self become more recent or has it been around for a lot longer?
Responda
  • Recent
  • A lot longer

Questão 68

Questão
According to Gergen (2009) are our selves and identities more social than we might readily acknowledge?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 69

Questão
According to Gergen (2009), does our philosophy of self shape the way in which we make sense of the other(s)?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 70

Questão
Individualist perspectives refer to:
Responda
  • The understanding of self individually
  • The understanding of self socially

Questão 71

Questão
According to Goffman (1959), the presentation of self in everyday life is:
Responda
  • Melancholic
  • Dramaturgical, theatrical, and staged

Questão 72

Questão
According to the elaborated social identity model (Drury & Reicher, 1999), can social identities change and become even more radicalised when in group or crowd situations against outgroups?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 73

Questão
Membership category devices (MCDs) are:
Responda
  • What people use to do interactionally relevant work
  • What people use to define others

Questão 74

Questão
Interactionally relevant work refers to:
Responda
  • Things done by talk (eg, accounting, blaming, exonerating) that are relevant
  • Things not done by talk, that are unmotivated by conscious processes

Questão 75

Questão
An epistemic identity is:
Responda
  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about a given target
  • An identity relevant to a knowledge state about one self

Questão 76

Questão
Adjacency pairs are:
Responda
  • Turns of talk that respond to one another (eg, "Do you have the time?" "Yes, it's half past three")
  • Turns of talk that go against responding to another person

Questão 77

Questão
According to Raymond and Heritage (2006), can our talk assert, or otherwise make relevant, our epistemically consequential identities?
Responda
  • Yes, they can
  • No, they cannot

Questão 78

Questão
According to Foucault (1978, 1985, 1986) suggested in his work, a subject is:
Responda
  • Not themselves, but tied to their own sense as well as subjected to others
  • Themselves and the captains of their own ships

Questão 79

Questão
Discursive formations are:
Responda
  • Cultural and historical constructions of our social world
  • Discursive formations of our reality

Questão 80

Questão
According to Sacks (1992), categories are:
Responda
  • Inevitable
  • Consequential

Questão 81

Questão
According to Sacks (1992), are formulations of talk relative to our moral implications and our identity?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 82

Questão
Are different categories possible for a single person? For example, a female could also be a "mother", "cousin", "niece" or "wife".
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 83

Questão
According to the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992), if a person is categorised by a certain MCD, then:
Responda
  • The same can be used to categorised for the next person
  • The same cannot be used for the next person

Questão 84

Questão
When is the consistency rule (Sacks, 1992) violated?
Responda
  • When someone is sarcastic
  • When someone does not respond

Questão 85

Questão
According to category-bound activities (CBAs), are certain activities bound to certain categories? Are these relative to the consistency rule where they can be violated?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

Questão 86

Questão
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do labels of people ascribe certain identities?
Responda
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Questão 87

Questão
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), do the various selves that we inhabit or occupy vary dependent on sociohistoric contexts?
Responda
  • Yes, they do
  • No, they do not

Questão 88

Questão
According to Foucault (1979, 1985, 1986), are we influenced by moral codes (eg, moral codes are the ways in which individuals constitute​ themselves)?
Responda
  • Yes
  • No

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