E2. Anatomy, Lecture 1. Thorax

Thorax extends from the [blank_start]inferior[blank_end] thoracic aperture, superiorly to the superior thoracic [blank_start]aperture[blank_end]. The diaphragm divides the [blank_start]thoracic[blank_end] cavity from the [blank_start]abdominal[blank_end] cavity

Superficial to the pectoralis [blank_start]major[blank_end] is the mammary gland. It consists of [blank_start]glandular[blank_end] tissue, [blank_start]ducts[blank_end] and when inactive, mostly [blank_start]adipose[blank_end] tissue

Label PICA=Posterior Intercostal A Br= branch(es)

Lymphatic drainage is to the _______ nodes? [blank_start]Axillary[blank_end] (lateral), [blank_start]parasternal[blank_end] (medial), [blank_start]inferior phrenic[blank_end] (inferior).

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The thoracic cavity is bounded by the [blank_start]sternum[blank_end], [blank_start]ribs[blank_end] and bodies of the [blank_start]vertebrae[blank_end]. There are [blank_start]12[blank_end] pairs of ribs, [blank_start]1-7[blank_end] true,[blank_start]8-10[blank_end] false and [blank_start]11-12[blank_end] floating.

Posterior Thorax: Other bones associated with the thoracic wall are the [blank_start]clavicle[blank_end] and [blank_start]scapula[blank_end].

The first rib articulates through a [blank_start]cartilagenous[blank_end] joint (immovable) Second through seventh are [blank_start]synovial[blank_end] joints (some movement)

The [blank_start]head[blank_end] of the rib articulates with the body of [blank_start]2[blank_end] vertebrae The [blank_start]tubercle[blank_end] articulates with the [blank_start]transverse[blank_end] process The [blank_start]costal[blank_end] cartilage of the true ribs articulate directly with the [blank_start]sternum[blank_end] The [blank_start]false[blank_end] ribs articulate with the with the costal cartilage of the [blank_start]seventh[blank_end] The [blank_start]floating[blank_end] ribs have no anterior articulation

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The first rib is flattened [blank_start]superior-inferior[blank_end], instead of [blank_start]anterior-posterior[blank_end]

1st rib knowledge! the [blank_start]groove[blank_end] for the subclavian vein is [blank_start]anterior[blank_end], the groove for the s-c artery is [blank_start]posterior[blank_end] to the [blank_start]scalene[blank_end] tubercle. This is important knowledge, since you will frequently insert catheters into the s-c [blank_start]vein[blank_end] for pacemakers, ICU monitoring, IV medication.The inserted needle may inadvertently cause damage to the [blank_start]artery[blank_end], [blank_start]brachial[blank_end] plexus, or pleura and [blank_start]lung[blank_end]

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The external intercostal muscle becomes [blank_start]membranous[blank_end] at around the junction of the [blank_start]ribs and costal cartilage[blank_end]. It continues as a [blank_start]membrane[blank_end] anteriorly The course of the fibers is [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] to [blank_start]medial[blank_end] as you travel [blank_start]superior[blank_end] to [blank_start]inferior[blank_end]

The internal intercostals are muscular [blank_start]anteriorly[blank_end] and membranous [blank_start]posterior[blank_end]. The fiber direction is [blank_start]medial[blank_end] to [blank_start]lateral[blank_end] as you go [blank_start]inferiorly[blank_end]

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Transversus [blank_start]thoracis[blank_end] and innermost [blank_start]intercostals[blank_end]: Both incomplete layers of [blank_start]muscle[blank_end] which lie [blank_start]internal[blank_end] to the intercostal [blank_start]neurovascular[blank_end] bundle They both traverse across more than one [blank_start]intercostal[blank_end] space

Label ICoIIC =Interchondral part of int intercostals

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The lungs are covered by [blank_start]parietal[blank_end] and [blank_start]visceral[blank_end] pleura. The [blank_start]visceral[blank_end] is the layer against the lung itself.

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Running between the [blank_start]pleura[blank_end] and the [blank_start]paricardium[blank_end] is the [blank_start]phrenic[blank_end] nerve(C[blank_start]3-5[blank_end]). The [blank_start]phrenic[blank_end] nerve supplies innervation to the [blank_start]Diaphragm[blank_end]

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