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COG PSYCH EXAM 1

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Psychology Quiz sobre COG PSYCH EXAM 1, criado por Sara Stamey em 19-10-2016.
Sara Stamey
Quiz por Sara Stamey, atualizado more than 1 year ago
Sara Stamey
Criado por Sara Stamey mais de 7 anos atrás
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Resumo de Recurso

Questão 1

Questão
Colin Cherry’s experiment in which participants listened to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that
Responda
  • people take in very little information about the ignored message.
  • memory of the messages is due to the functions of the hippocampus
  • memory of the messages are determined based on logic
  • people cannot focus on one message and ignore the other one.

Questão 2

Questão
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
Responda
  • artificial intelligence.
  • memory consolidation.
  • cognitive map
  • mental model.

Questão 3

Questão
After seeing several commercials where celebrities are wearing “Boom” shoes, Steve really wants a pair. Steve’s desire to have a pair of the shoes could best be explained by
Responda
  • clever marketing
  • classical conditioning
  • choice
  • higher order cognition

Questão 4

Questão
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
Responda
  • measured by comparing responses among different participants.
  • inferred from the participant’s behavior.
  • measured directly.
  • measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response.

Questão 5

Questão
All of the following are part of B.F. Skinner’s three term contingency except
Responda
  • the reinforcement
  • the perception
  • the response
  • the environment

Questão 6

Questão
The cognitive revolution resulted in dramatic changes in the way psychology was studied and understood. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
Responda
  • Donder's work on choice
  • Skinner boxes
  • computers
  • analytic introspection

Questão 7

Questão
Suyen is arguing that humans have a unique capacity for language because of neurological changes that resulted from evolution. From this, Suyen is arguing for
Responda
  • learning
  • contrapreparedness
  • preparedness
  • intelligence

Questão 8

Questão
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program
Responda
  • controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments.
  • solved logic problems.
  • simulated human attention.
  • introduced the first flow diagram.

Questão 9

Questão
Given that populations grow exponentially and there are limited resources, Darwin inferred that
Responda
  • There is no God
  • populations stabilize
  • there would be competition for limited resources
  • there would be some traits that would be passed onto future generations

Questão 10

Questão
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
Responda
  • functional analysis.
  • behavioral analysis.
  • analytic introspection.
  • information processing

Questão 11

Questão
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
Responda
  • Reaction time
  • Unconscious inference
  • Classical conditioning
  • Operant conditioning

Questão 12

Questão
The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as
Responda
  • artificial intelligence.
  • flow diagramming.
  • cognitive psychology.
  • behaviorism.

Questão 13

Questão
The result of natural selection over many generations is
Responda
  • cognition.
  • evolution.
  • reproductive fitness.
  • differential survival rates.

Questão 14

Questão
Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they
Responda
  • plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
  • described complex decision-making.
  • were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
  • showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

Questão 15

Questão
In order to conduct research in psychology, which of the following was considered necessary by the behaviorists?
Responda
  • Consciousness
  • Introspection
  • The mind
  • Observable behavior

Questão 16

Questão
All of the following are mental abilities or processes involved in cognition except
Responda
  • language
  • perception
  • development
  • problem solving

Questão 17

Questão
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
Responda
  • process the stimulus.
  • perceive the stimulus.
  • make a decision about the stimulus.
  • attend to the stimulus.

Questão 18

Questão
Angelina has received six stickers for cleaning her room this week. If she recieves one more, she’ll get to have a special dessert of her choosing after supper. Angelina’s behavior can be best explained by
Responda
  • classically conditioned associations
  • a token economy
  • the unattended speech effect
  • short-term memory

Questão 19

Questão
One’s psychology can be viewed as a continuum from________to________to________.
Responda
  • reflex, learning, cognition
  • experience, memory, emotion
  • neuron, circuit, cortex
  • hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Questão 20

Questão
All of the following are reasons to use models to understand cognition except
Responda
  • they are simplistic
  • they provide an accurate description of cognition
  • they provide representations of abstract concepts
  • they generate good research questions

Questão 21

Questão
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
Responda
  • prosopagnosia
  • Broca's aphasia.
  • Wernicke's aphasia.
  • Alzheimer's disease

Questão 22

Questão
Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research mind reading that revealed
Responda
  • the distinction between form and meaning in language.
  • strong support for specificity coding within the fusiform face area.
  • a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object a participant was viewing.
  • the existence of feature detectors that respond to whole objects.

Questão 23

Questão
The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as
Responda
  • convergence
  • the neural code.
  • a propagated signal.
  • the action potential.

Questão 24

Questão
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Responda
  • Functional magnetic area (FMA)
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA)
  • Fusiform face area (FFA)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Questão 25

Questão
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
Responda
  • subtraction techniques.
  • specificity coding.
  • distributed coding.
  • primary receiving areas.

Questão 26

Questão
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are first processed
Responda
  • through fMRI potentials.
  • in one localized associative area of the cortex.
  • in different primary areas of the cortex.
  • by the grandmother cells in the brain.

Questão 27

Questão
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
Responda
  • neuroscience.
  • cognitive psychology.
  • neuropsychology.
  • cognitive neuroscience.

Questão 28

Questão
Which of the following is not consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Responda
  • Stimuli are processed throughout various primary and associative areas of the brain.
  • Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
  • Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
  • Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

Questão 29

Questão
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Responda
  • Action potentials travel across the synapse and send high or low intensity signals.
  • The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron.
  • A chemical process takes place at the synapse that has resulted from a chemical-electrical change within the neuron.
  • A process takes place in the receptors whereby receptors send chemical information to other neurons via neurotransmitters.

Questão 30

Questão
The occipital lobe is
Responda
  • where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.
  • important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
  • important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
  • the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.

Questão 31

Questão
The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher cognitive functions such as problem solving, decision making, attention, and information processing.
Responda
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • subcortical

Questão 32

Questão
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
Responda
  • frontal
  • parietal
  • occipital
  • temporal

Questão 33

Questão
Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
Responda
  • The use of radioactive tracers
  • The measurement of magnetic fields
  • The use of the subtraction technique
  • All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI

Questão 34

Questão
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
Responda
  • Frontal
  • Occipital
  • Parietal
  • Temporal

Questão 35

Questão
Neurons that respond to specific details or parts that make up objects are called
Responda
  • receptors
  • feature detectors.
  • retinal cells.
  • dendrites

Questão 36

Questão
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
Responda
  • amount of the neurotransmitters.
  • firing rate of the action potentials.
  • size of the synapse
  • intensity of the action potentials

Questão 37

Questão
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
Responda
  • distributed
  • specificity
  • convergence
  • divergence

Questão 38

Questão
A synapse is
Responda
  • the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.
  • the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.
  • the space between neurons.
  • a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.

Questão 39

Questão
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
Responda
  • chain link fence.
  • picket fence.
  • brick wall.
  • solid wall.

Questão 40

Questão
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
Responda
  • Broca's area.
  • Wernicke's area.
  • Extrastriate body area (EBA)
  • Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Questão 41

Questão
Speech segmentation is defined as
Responda
  • recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
  • organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
  • creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
  • ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.

Questão 42

Questão
Hollingsworth’s studies of blobs indicate that we perceive information based on
Responda
  • observations of a demonstrator
  • the culmination or association between parts of a stimulus
  • the situation or context
  • the properties of a stimulus

Questão 43

Questão
Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model describes processing at several levels or demons. The processing of vertical lines, horizontal lines, angles, or curves, for example, would occur at the level of the ______ demon.
Responda
  • cognitive
  • feature
  • decision
  • image

Questão 44

Questão
In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
Responda
  • Autism
  • Parkinson's
  • Anorexia
  • Alzheimer's

Questão 45

Questão
The neurons that respond while watching a demonstrator perform a task are called
Responda
  • receptors
  • afferent neurons.
  • feature detectors
  • mirror neurons.

Questão 46

Questão
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
Responda
  • law of pragnanz.
  • principle of size constancy.
  • oblique effect.
  • law of good continuation.

Questão 47

Questão
The pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the
Responda
  • primary cortex.
  • associative cortex.
  • what pathway.
  • where pathway.

Questão 48

Questão
One problem with Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model is that it
Responda
  • lacks a description of how we decide which stimulus is most likely
  • there is not a biological paralell for the model
  • can’t account for how we can process information both globally and locally
  • doesn’t have sufficient evidence to support it

Questão 49

Questão
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.
Responda
  • double dissociation problem
  • single dissociation problem
  • object discrimination or recognition problem
  • landmark discrimination problem

Questão 50

Questão
The likelihood principle states that
Responda
  • it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
  • feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
  • we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances
  • we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Questão 51

Questão
Jane is four, and when playing in the park recently, she saw a dog that she’d never seen before. Even though she had never seen the dog, she was able to label the dog as being a dog. This scenario causes problems for which explanation of perception?
Responda
  • Bottom-up Processing
  • Feature Theory
  • Template Matching Theory
  • Recognition-by-components

Questão 52

Questão
The results of Gauthier’s "Greeble" experiment illustrate
Responda
  • that neurons specialized to respond to vertical and horizontal lines are present in our brains when we are born.
  • that our perceptions remain fairly stable in different environments.
  • an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
  • that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey’s neurons fire to these objects.

Questão 53

Questão
Patients with associative visual agnosia might be able to correctly draw or copy an image but not recognize what it is. This is an example of a
Responda
  • double dissociation
  • failure in top-down processing
  • failure in bottom-up processing
  • dissociation

Questão 54

Questão
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
Responda
  • repeated practice at the task.
  • their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
  • top-down processing.
  • bottom-up processing.

Questão 55

Questão
Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the
Responda
  • principle of size constancy.
  • principles of componential recovery.
  • top-down processing
  • perceptual organization.

Questão 56

Questão
The landmark or spacial discrimination problems are more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe.
Responda
  • occipital
  • temporal
  • frontal
  • parietal

Questão 57

Questão
In Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model, features of a stimulus are detected at the level of the _______ demon.
Responda
  • Image
  • Decision
  • Cognitive
  • Feature

Questão 58

Questão
One problem with the Template Matching Theory of perception is that
Responda
  • there are not enough neurons to create new templates
  • experience changes or modifies existing templates
  • new experiences are limited and dont’ represent the vast number of templates we possess
  • we don’t have templates for every possible experience

Questão 59

Questão
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
Responda
  • simplicity
  • familiarity
  • pragnanz
  • similarity

Questão 60

Questão
When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
Responda
  • are present.
  • involve different mechanisms.
  • are controlled by a single brain area.
  • involve the same mechanism.

Questão 61

Questão
Dichotic listening occurs when
Responda
  • a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear.
  • participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
  • the same message is presented to the left and right ears.
  • different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

Questão 62

Questão
Broadbent’s "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on the
Responda
  • physical characteristics of the message.
  • higher order characteristics of the message.
  • physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
  • modality and structure of the message.

Questão 63

Questão
Suppose two teenagers are vying for their mother’s attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman’s attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of the
Responda
  • physical characteristics of the message.
  • higher order characteristics of the message.
  • physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
  • modality and structure of the message.

Questão 64

Questão
In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
Responda
  • in the consistent-mapping condition.
  • in the high-load condition.
  • for the location-based task.
  • in the variable-mapping condition.

Questão 65

Questão
The Stroop effect demonstrates
Responda
  • a failure of divided attention.
  • support for object-based attention where a low-load task was being used.
  • the ease of performing a low-load task.
  • how automatic processing can interfere with controlled processing.

Questão 66

Questão
Strayer and Johnston’s (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
Responda
  • driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones.
  • driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.
  • talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.
  • divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

Questão 67

Questão
The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.
Responda
  • dichotic
  • covert
  • divided
  • overt

Questão 68

Questão
Automatic processing occurs when
Responda
  • tasks are well-practiced.
  • response times are long.
  • attention is focused.
  • cognitive resources are high.

Questão 69

Questão
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
Responda
  • cocktail party
  • divided
  • low load
  • selective

Questão 70

Questão
When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
Responda
  • silently following it mentally.
  • saying the message out loud.
  • ignoring it while paying attention to another message.
  • thinking about something closely related to the message.

Questão 71

Questão
The cocktail party effect is
Responda
  • the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.
  • the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages.
  • the equal division of attention between competing messages.
  • the diminished awareness of information in a crowd.

Questão 72

Questão
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information is analyzed for
Responda
  • location
  • modality
  • meaning
  • physical characteristics.

Questão 73

Questão
A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
Responda
  • it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
  • no signals cause activation.
  • all signals cause activation.
  • weak signals can cause activation.

Questão 74

Questão
Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor
Responda
  • was processed
  • was ignored
  • was overtly responded to by the participant
  • increased the cognitive load of the task

Questão 75

Questão
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as
Responda
  • selective attention.
  • divergent tasking.
  • dual attention.
  • divided attention.

Questão 76

Questão
Controlled processing involves
Responda
  • ease in performing parallel tasks.
  • overlearning of tasks.
  • few cognitive resources.
  • close attention.

Questão 77

Questão
In Simons and Chabris's "inattentional blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a gorilla walked through because the
Responda
  • participants were counting the number of ball passes.
  • the gorilla was the same color as the floor.
  • participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.
  • gorilla was in motion, just like the players.

Questão 78

Questão
According to Treisman’s feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.
Responda
  • letter analysis
  • feature analysis
  • preattentive
  • focused attention

Questão 79

Questão
Illusory conjunctions are
Responda
  • combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.
  • features that are consistent across different stimuli.
  • combinations of features from different stimuli.
  • misidentified objects using the context of the scene.

Questão 80

Questão
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
Responda
  • both driving and talking on the phone are low-load cognitive tasks.
  • the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
  • the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units.
  • the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.

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