Transcription and Translation

Because [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] is too big to exit the nucleus, the [blank_start]RNA[blank_end] has to send messages from the DNA to the rest of the cell and get the job done. This process occurs in two steps, transcription and [blank_start]translation[blank_end]. [blank_start]Transcription[blank_end] occurs first.

Transcription ([blank_start]DNA[blank_end] -> [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end]) 1. A section of [blank_start]DNA[blank_end] unravels due to an enzyme called [blank_start]RNA polymerase[blank_end]. 2. The [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] strand connects to the complementary bases of the DNA. (A to [blank_start]U[blank_end], T to [blank_start]A[blank_end], G to [blank_start]C[blank_end], C to [blank_start]G[blank_end]) 3. The [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] leaves the nucleus. Note: mRNA stands for [blank_start]messenger[blank_end] RNA. There are two other types of RNA. rRNA - [blank_start]ribosomal[blank_end] RNA tRNA - [blank_start]transfer[blank_end] RNA

Translation ([blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] -> amino acid chain/polypeptide) 1. A [blank_start]ribosome[blank_end] attaches to the strand of [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end]. 2. A [blank_start]tRNA[blank_end] anticodon matches with a complementary set of an [blank_start]mRNA[blank_end] codon. (A to [blank_start]U[blank_end], U to [blank_start]A[blank_end], G to [blank_start]C[blank_end], C to [blank_start]G[blank_end]) Each tRNA anticodon is attached with a specific amino acid. 3. The ribosome slides over the first codon of the mRNA chain. Translation occurs from the 5' to the 3'. 4. Then, the ribosome moves to the next codon with the complementary tRNA anticodon and adds another amino acid next to the first one. The amino acids join with a [blank_start]polypeptide[blank_end] bond. Note: A codon is a set of 3 letters. So, the tRNA "reads' the mRNA (message) 3 letters at a time. Therefore, an anticodon is also 3 letters. Here is an example: mRNA --- [blank_start]AUG[blank_end] - GCC - AAA - GAC - GUC - [blank_start]UAG[blank_end] <<< These sets of 3 are codons. This chain contains 6 codons. tRNA --- UAC - CGG - [blank_start]UUU[blank_end] - [blank_start]CUG[blank_end] - CAG - AUC <<< These sets of 3 are anticodons. This chain has 6 anticodons.

For the next 2 questions, please obtain a codon sheet/table. This link may also be used: http://kenpitts.net/bio/genetics/codon_table.gif For This Question . . . Pick the correct answer. Good Luck.

Note: Since only one side of the DNA is transcribed at a time by the mRNA, use the side with the asterisks (*) after it. Also, A.A. stands fro amino acid and please abbreviate the amino acids. The image has the abbreviations. If unclear or highly pixelated, the codon chart on the last question has the abbreviations. Your answer will only be marked correct if you place spaces in between the letters and do not place a dot ofter the a.a. abbreviation. No -> ATCGTA Yes-> A T C G T A No -> val. - ser. Yes-> val - ser DNA --------------- A T G G A A T G C C C A -----------------------[blank_start]T A C C T T A C G G G T[blank_end] *** (<<< use this side) mRNA ------------ A U G - [blank_start]G A A[blank_end] - U G C - [blank_start]C C A[blank_end] tRNA --------------U A C - C U U - A C G - G G U A.A. Chain --------[blank_start]met[blank_end] - [blank_start]glu[blank_end] - [blank_start]cys[blank_end] - [blank_start]pro[blank_end]

Note: Since only one side of the DNA is transcribed at a time by the mRNA, use the side with the asterisks (*) after it. Also, A.A. stands fro amino acid and please abbreviate the amino acids. The image has the abbreviations. If unclear or highly pixelated, the codon chart on the last question has the abbreviations. Your answer will only be marked correct if you place spaces in between the letters and do not place a dot ofter the a.a. abbreviation. No -> ATCGTA Yes-> A T C G T A No -> val. - ser. Yes-> val - ser DNA --------------- T A T G C C G A T G T T -----------------------[blank_start]A T A C G G C T A C A A[blank_end] *** (<<< use this side) mRNA ------------ U A U - [blank_start]G C C[blank_end] - G A U - [blank_start]G U U[blank_end] tRNA -------------- [blank_start]A U A[blank_end] - C G G - [blank_start]C U A[blank_end] - C A A A.A. Chain --------[blank_start]tyr[blank_end] - [blank_start]ala[blank_end] - [blank_start]asp[blank_end] - [blank_start]val[blank_end]

Here's a list of other helpful resources. Steps and Descriptions (i tried to find ones that weren't boring) https://quizlet.com/8540836/steps-of-transcription-and-translation-flash-cards/ https://quizlet.com/164960719/transcription-and-translation-flash-cards/ https://prezi.com/jvnginvv3fae/dna-replication-transcription-and-translation-for-dummies/ Animations (i tried to find ones that weren't long) https://www.dnalc.org/resources/3d/12-transcription-basic.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nQH0GqFn6k Images (i tried to find ones that weren't too confusing) http://sjesci.wikispaces.com/file/view/cellprocess.png/155543891/cellprocess.png https://geneed.nlm.nih.gov/images/translation_lg.jpg Note: Because outside sources created these resources, not all of the information on each source is going to be tested. Also, good luck with this question.