Hemodynamics and Circulation

Passive hyperemia is the result of impeded venous return resulting in blood building up in organs. Varicose veins is an example of passive hyperemia

Pulmonary hypertension is due to left side heart congestion. Left ventricular failure is a cause of passive hyperemia.

Which of the following may cause active hyperemia?

Which of the following can cause hemorrhage?

A hematoma is a large, superficial hemorrhage due to coagulation factor deficiencies. Ecchymosis causes swelling and a red, purplish color.

Thrombus like to form at bifurcations and blood velocity changes due to the turbulence. An embolism is a chunk of thrombus that has broken off and may potentially create a new thrombus or cause stroke/infarct.

Canalization of the thrombus may not result in return of function. A nidus is a place where epithelium has been damaged and can become a site for a thrombus to develop.

The most common origin of embolisms is from the arteries. The middle cerebral artery is the most common vessel in the brain to receive an embolism.

Pale infarcts are firm, red infarcts are soft. Only red infarcts feature coagulative necrosis

What type of necrosis should one expect from a cerebral infarction?

Which of the following are known causes of edema?

Pleural effusion is often an exudate from failure of the left ventricle. Ascites are the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Septic shock is caused by lipopolysaccharide endotoxins in the cell membranes of G+ bacteria causing release of tumor necrotic factor. The resultant shock is due to cardiovascular collapse.

Which of the following are causes of cardiogenic shock?

Which of the following are causes of hypovolemic shock?